Threshold of microvascular occlusion: injury size defines the thrombosis scenario

Damage to the blood vessel triggers formation of a hemostatic plug, which is meant to prevent bleeding, yet the same phenomenon may result in a total blockade of a blood vessel by a thrombus, causing severe medical conditions. Here, we show that the physical interplay between platelet adhesion and hemodynamics in a microchannel manifests in a critical threshold behavior of a growing thrombus. Depending on the size of injury, two distinct dynamic pathways of thrombosis were found: the formation of a nonocclusive plug, if injury length does not exceed the critical value, and the total occlusion of the vessel by the thrombus otherwise. We develop a mathematical model that demonstrates that switching between these regimes occurs as a result of a saddle-node bifurcation. Our study reveals the mechanism of self-regulation of thrombosis in blood microvessels and explains experimentally observed distinctions between thrombi of different physical etiology. This also can be useful for the design of platelet-aggregation-inspired engineering solutions.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures + Supplementary informatio

Modelling of platelet–fibrin clot formation in flow with a DPD–PDE method

International audienceThe paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of clot growth in bloodflow. Great complexity of the hemostatic system dictates the need of usage of themathematical models to understand its functioning in the normal and especially inpathological situations. In this work we investigate the interaction of blood flow,platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation. We develop a hybrid DPD–PDE modelwhere dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is used to model plasma flow and platelets,while the regulatory network of plasma coagulation is described by a system of partialdifferential equations. Modelling results confirm the potency of the scenario of clotgrowth where at the first stage of clot formation platelets form an aggregate due toweak inter-platelet connections and then due to their activation. This enables the formationof the fibrin net in the centre of the platelet aggregate where the flow velocity issignificantly reduced. The fibrin net reinforces the clot and allows its further growth.When the clot becomes sufficiently large, it stops growing due to the narrowed vesseland the increase of flow shear rate at the surface of the clot. Its outer part is detachedby the flow revealing the inner part covered by fibrin. This fibrin cap does not allownew platelets to attach at the high shear rate, and the clot stops growing. Dependenceof the final clot size on wall shear rate and on other parameters is studied

Blood flow controls coagulation onset via the positive feedback of factor VII activation by factor Xa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Blood coagulation is a complex network of biochemical reactions, which is peculiar in that it is time- and space-dependent, and has to function in the presence of rapid flow. Recent experimental reports suggest that flow plays a significant role in its regulation. The objective of this study was to use systems biology techniques to investigate this regulation and to identify mechanisms creating a flow-dependent switch in the coagulation onset.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a detailed mechanism-driven model of tissue factor (TF)-initiated thrombus formation in a two-dimensional channel we demonstrate that blood flow can regulate clotting onset in the model in a threshold-like manner, in agreement with existing experimental evidence. Sensitivity analysis reveals that this is achieved due to a combination of the positive feedback of TF-bound factor VII activation by activated factor X (Xa) and effective removal of factor Xa by flow from the activating patch depriving the feedback of "ignition". The level of this trigger (i.e. coagulation sensitivity to flow) is controlled by the activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This mechanism explains the difference between red and white thrombi observed <it>in vivo </it>at different shear rates. It can be speculated that this is a special switch protecting vascular system from uncontrolled formation and spreading of active coagulation factors in vessels with rapidly flowing blood.</p

Continuous Modeling of Arterial Platelet Thrombus Formation Using a Spatial Adsorption Equation

In this study, we considered a continuous model of platelet thrombus growth in an arteriole. A special model describing the adhesion of platelets in terms of their concentration was derived. The applications of the derived model are not restricted to only describing arterial platelet thrombus formation; the model can also be applied to other similar adhesion processes. The model reproduces an auto-wave solution in the one-dimensional case; in the two-dimensional case, in which the surrounding flow is taken into account, the typical torch- like thrombus is reproduced. The thrombus shape and the growth velocity are determined by the model parameters. We demonstrate that the model captures the main properties of the thrombus growth behavior and provides us a better understanding of which mechanisms are important in the mechanical nature of the arterial thrombus growth

The role of platelets in blood coagulation during thrombus formation in flow

Hemostatic plug covering the injury site (or a thrombus in the pathological case) is formed due to the complex interaction of aggregating platelets with biochemical reactions in plasma that participate in blood coagulation. The mechanisms that control clot growth and which lead to growth arrest are not yet completely understood. We model them with numerical simulations based on a hybrid DPD-PDE model. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is used to model plasma flow with platelets while fibrin concentration is described by a simplified reaction-diffusion-convection equation. The model takes into account consecutive stages of clot growth. First, a platelet is weakly connected to the clot and after some time this connection becomes stronger due to other surface receptors involved in platelet adhesion. At the same time, the fibrin network is formed inside the clot. This becomes possible because flow does not penetrate the clot and cannot wash out the reactants participating in blood coagulation. Platelets covered by the fibrin network cannot attach new platelets. Modelling shows that the growth of a hemostatic plug can stop as a result of its exterior part being removed by the flow thus exposing its non-adhesive core to the flow

Reducing Electric Power Losses in the System of Power Supply Due to Compensation of Higher Harmonics of Currents: Economic and Energy Efficiency Outcomes

The issue of increasing energy efficiency and energy saving is of great importance for the countries with high energy intensity of the gross domestic product, including Russia and the rest of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The measures adopted in Russia on the federal and regional level as part of the State Program on Energy Efficiency and Energy Development are focused on reducing the energy intensity of Russia's gross domestic product and introduce sustainable practices on energy saving in Russia's commercial and budget sectors. This paper presents a case study describing the way to reduce electric power losses in a system of power supply (SPS) of an industrial enterprise. In particular, the case study determines the level of the higher harmonic components of current and voltage at the existing enterprise for the production of reinforced concrete products. The results of the experiment were reproduced using a simulation model of the power supply system in the Matlab/Simulink package. A comparative analysis of using a passive and hybrid filter compensating device to reduce the level of the higher harmonics of current and voltage was carried out by means of modeling. The active losses in the SPS from non-sinusoidal mode are calculated. In addition, the economic effect of using the proposed method is estimated. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Industry, Electric Power Losses, Higher Harmonics of Currents JEL Classifications: Q29, Q49, L94 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.769

Compensation of Unsymmetrical Load in Four-Wire Networks Using an Active Rectifier with an Energy Source

Нагрузка жилых и общественных зданий составляет значительную долю потребления электроэнергии в общегодовой структуре электропотребления России. Ввиду различной мощности и нерегулярного режима их эксплуатации суточный график потребления оказывается существенно неравномерным, а распределение мощности потребления по фазам – несимметричным. Существует необходимость комплексного рассмотрения и решения возникающих проблем. В качестве устройства симметрирования потребления из сети в данной работе рассмотрен активный выпрямитель напряжения с источником энергии в звене постоянного тока. Целью данной работы является разработка имитационной модели трёхфазного активного выпрямителя напряжения (АВН) для компенсации несимметрии потребления несимметричной нагрузкой в четырёхпроводной сети в среде моделирования SimInTech. Приведено математическое описание системы управления активным выпрямителем и способ получения закона управления. Рассмотрен пример с несимметричной трёхфазной нагрузкой, выполнено имитационное моделирование. В результате работы активный выпрямитель компенсирует несимметрию активной и реактивной мощности приёмника по фазам и компенсирует реактивную мощность для достижения нормативного коэффициента мощностиThe load of residential and public buildings is a significant part of electricity consumption in the overall annual structure of electricity consumption of Russia. Due to the different power and irregular mode of their operation, the daily electricity consumption graph becomes to be significantly irregular, and the phase distribution is asymmetrical. Existing problem solving methods usually solve only one problem, and they must be used together. As a device for balancing consumption from the supply system, this work considers an active voltage rectifier with an energy source in the DC link. The aim of this work is to develop a simulation model of a three-phase active voltage rectifier to compensate for unbalanced consumption by an unbalanced load in a four-wire network in the SimInTech simulation environment. A mathematical description of the active rectifier control system and a method for obtaining a control law are given. An example with an unbalanced three- phase load is considered. Simulation modeling was carried out. As a result of operation of the active rectifier it compensates for the phase unbalance of the active and reactive power of the load and perform power factor correction to achieve the standard power facto

Using extended ODE systems to investigate the mathematical model of the blood coagulation

Many properties of ordinary differential equations systems solutions are determined by the properties of the equations in variations. An ODE system, which includes both the original nonlinear system and the equations in variations, will be called an extended system further. When studying the properties of the Cauchy problem for the systems of ordinary differential equations, the transition to extended systems allows one to study many subtle properties of solutions. For example, the transition to the extended system allows one to increase the order of approximation for numerical methods, gives the approaches to constructing a sensitivity function without using numerical differentiation procedures, allows to use methods of increased convergence order for the inverse problem solution. Authors used the Broyden method belonging to the class of quasi-Newtonian methods. The Rosenbroke method with complex coefficients was used to solve the stiff systems of the ordinary differential equations. In our case, it is equivalent to the second order approximation method for the extended system. As an example of the proposed approach, several related mathematical models of the blood coagulation process were considered. Based on the analysis of the numerical calculations results, the conclusion was drawn that it is necessary to include a description of the factor XI positive feedback loop in the model equations system. Estimates of some reaction constants based on the numerical inverse problem solution were given. Effect of factor V release on platelet activation was considered. The modification of the mathematical model allowed to achieve quantitative correspondence in the dynamics of the thrombin production with experimental data for an artificial system. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the hypothesis tested that there is no influence of the lipid membrane composition (the number of sites for various factors of the clotting system, except for thrombin sites) on the dynamics of the process. © 2022 Anna A. Andreeva, Mohan Anand, Aleksey I. Lobanov, Andrey V. Nicolaev, Mikhail A. Panteleev

Avifauna at the Neolithic Sites of the Dnieper-Dvina Basin: the role of birds in the culture of ancient hunter-gatherers of the VI–III Millennium BC

The article presents a study of avifauna at the Neolithic sites of the Dnieper-Dvina basin (Serteya I and II sites). Changes of paleo-environmental conditions and biotopes, archaeological cultures and types of campsites might have determined changes in the cultural and economic model of the ancient population, having an influence on avifauna particularity in different time periods. Four biotopic groups of birds: near-water birds, woodside birds, forest and meadow-steppe birds are singled out. Birds from the near-water group dominate. It can be assumed, that birds played an important role in food ration in spring and autumn. Paleo-ecological studies allow us to reconstruct a change of water body types. That may have caused a change in bird species. Changes in bird nesting and migration areas may also be evidence of paleo-ecological changes in the V–III millennium BC. Despite the widespread practice of making tools and ornaments from bones and animals teeth at the Neolithic sites in Dnieper-Dvina basin, bird bones were used rather seldom. Almost the entire collection dates back to the end of IV–III millennium BC and is represented mainly by tube beads and blanks

Human and birds

The paper presents the study of avifauna from the hunter-gatherer sites at the Dnieper-Dvina basin spanning time period from the 6th to 3rd millennia BC. A total of 669 bird bones were identified and attributed to 46 different bird taxa, representing resident and migrant birds. They belong to four habitat groups: waterfowl, forest, woodside and meadow-steppe. The dominance of waterfowl birds follows the common strategy of aquatic resources exploitation. Changes in the procurement strategies, use and symbolic meanings of birds can be envisaged. Reconstructed regional mean temperature fluctuations suggest a particular influence on breeding biology and migration patterns of different species