11 research outputs found
Ionic Fracture Fluid Leak-Off
The study is motivated by monitoring the space orientation of a hydrolic fracture used in oil production. Streaming potential arises due to the leakage of ionic fracking fluid under the rock elastic forces which make the fracture disclosure disappear after pumping stops. The vector of electric field correlates with the fracture space orientation since the fluid leakage is directed normally to the fracture surfaces. We develop a mathematical model for the numerical evaluation of the streaming potential magnitude. To this end, we perform an asymptotic analysis taking advantage of scale separation between the fracture disclosure and its length. The contrast between the virgin rock fluid and the fluid invading from the fracture is proved to be crucial in a build up of a net charge at the invasion front. Calculations reveal that an increase of the viscosity and resistivity contrast parameters results in an increase of the streaming potential magnitude. Such a conclusion agrees with laboratory experiments
Finite-Element Modeling of Spontaneous Potential in an Axisymmetric Reservoir Model with Account of Its Shale Content
(1) This article is devoted to the development of a theoretical and algorithmic basis for numerical modeling of the spontaneous potential method (SP) as applied to the study of sandy-argillaceous reservoirs. (2) In terms of coupled flows, we consider a physical–mathematical model of SP signals from an electrochemical source, with regards to the case of fluid-saturated shaly sandstone. (3) An algorithm for 2D finite-element modeling of SP signals was developed and implemented in software, along with its internal and external testing with analytical solutions. The numerical SP modeling was carried out, determining the dependences on the reservoir thickness and porosity, the amount of argillaceous material and the type of minerals. We performed a comparative analysis of the simulated and field SP data, using the results of laboratory core examinations taken from wells in a number of fields in the Latitudinal Ob Region of Western Siberia. (4) The results of the study may be used either for the development of the existing SP techniques, by providing them with a consistent computational model, or for the design of new experimental approaches
Finite-Element Modeling of Spontaneous Potential in an Axisymmetric Reservoir Model with Account of Its Shale Content
(1) This article is devoted to the development of a theoretical and algorithmic basis for numerical modeling of the spontaneous potential method (SP) as applied to the study of sandy-argillaceous reservoirs. (2) In terms of coupled flows, we consider a physical–mathematical model of SP signals from an electrochemical source, with regards to the case of fluid-saturated shaly sandstone. (3) An algorithm for 2D finite-element modeling of SP signals was developed and implemented in software, along with its internal and external testing with analytical solutions. The numerical SP modeling was carried out, determining the dependences on the reservoir thickness and porosity, the amount of argillaceous material and the type of minerals. We performed a comparative analysis of the simulated and field SP data, using the results of laboratory core examinations taken from wells in a number of fields in the Latitudinal Ob Region of Western Siberia. (4) The results of the study may be used either for the development of the existing SP techniques, by providing them with a consistent computational model, or for the design of new experimental approaches
Complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw material
The paper is devoted to investigation of the complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride. It is stated that fluorination of the main components of the mineral raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride proceeds with formation of complex ammonium fluorometallates and simple fluorides. It is showed that in the process of aqueous leaching of the fluorinated mineral raw material niobium and tantalum completely pass into solution together with titanium, iron, and silicon fluoroammonium salts while all the rare-earth elements stay in the insoluble residue as complex fluorosodium salts together with CaF2. The method of separation of the fluoroammonium salts with obtaining marketable products and isolation of the rare-earth elements from the insoluble residue is offered
Complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw material
The paper is devoted to investigation of the complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride. It is stated that fluorination of the main components of the mineral raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride proceeds with formation of complex ammonium fluorometallates and simple fluorides. It is showed that in the process of aqueous leaching of the fluorinated mineral raw material niobium and tantalum completely pass into solution together with titanium, iron, and silicon fluoroammonium salts while all the rare-earth elements stay in the insoluble residue as complex fluorosodium salts together with CaF2. The method of separation of the fluoroammonium salts with obtaining marketable products and isolation of the rare-earth elements from the insoluble residue is offered
The Calculation of the Effective Tensor Coefficient of the Medium for the Objects
In this paper, several approaches for calculation of the effective tensor coefficient for domains with inclusions have been proposed. The limits of the approaches using are found. The series of numerical experiments are made on the different frequencies, for different inclusions location and boundary conditions for the contrast properties of the matrix and inclusion materials
Higher Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation of Methylmercury in the Pelagic Food Web of Lake Baikal (Russia)
Mercury undergoes several transformations that influence
its stable
isotope composition during a number of environmental and biological
processes. Measurements of Hg isotopic mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent
fractionation (MIF) in food webs may therefore help to identify major
sources and processes leading to significant bioaccumulation of methylmercury
(MeHg). In this work, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N,
concentration of Hg species (MeHg, inorganic Hg), and stable isotopic
composition of Hg were determined at different trophic levels of the
remote and pristine Lake Baikal ecosystem. Muscle of seals and different
fish as well as amphipods, zooplankton, and phytoplankton were specifically
investigated. MDF during trophic transfer of MeHg leading to enrichment
of heavier isotopes in the predators was clearly established by δ<sup>202</sup>Hg measurements in the pelagic prey–predator system
(carnivorous sculpins and top-predator seals). Despite the low concentrations
of Hg in the ecosystem, the pelagic food web reveals very high MIF
Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg (3.15–6.65‰) in comparison to
coastal fish (0.26–1.65‰) and most previous studies
in aquatic organisms. Trophic transfer does not influence MIF signature
since similar Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg was observed in sculpins (4.59
± 0.55‰) and seal muscles (4.62 ± 0.60‰).
The MIF is suggested to be mainly controlled by specific physical
and biogeochemical characteristics of the water column. The higher
level of MIF in pelagic fish of Lake Baikal is mainly due to the bioaccumulation
of residual MeHg that is efficiently turned over and photodemethylated
in deep oligotrophic and stationary (i.e., long residence time) freshwater
columns