Estimation of flight altitude in the aperture synthesizing mode for altimeter with continuous probing signal

It is proposed the function, defining phase modification of point, ground located reflector at the aperture synthesizing interval of radar altimeter with continuous LFM signal. It is carried our general function shape in wave domain and its expansion by “fast” time. We synthesized the algorithm of the altitude estimation, taking into account the carrier movement during process of beating signal shape. There are represented the results of full-scale experiment

Heat removing under hypersonic conditions

In this paper we consider the heat transfer properties of the axially symmetric body with parabolic shape at hypersonic speeds (with a Mach number M > 5). We use the numerical methods based on the implicit difference scheme (Fedorenko method) with direct method based on LU-decomposition and iterative method based on the Gauss-Seigel method. Our numerical results show that the heat removing process should be performed in accordance with the nonlinear law of heat distribution over the surface taking into account the hypersonic conditions of motion

Heat removing under hypersonic conditions

In this paper we consider the heat transfer properties of the axially symmetric body with parabolic shape at hypersonic speeds (with a Mach number M > 5). We use the numerical methods based on the implicit difference scheme (Fedorenko method) with direct method based on LU-decomposition and iterative method based on the Gauss-Seigel method. Our numerical results show that the heat removing process should be performed in accordance with the nonlinear law of heat distribution over the surface taking into account the hypersonic conditions of motion

Use of occlusal digital splint for treating the patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and planning orthopedic treatment

Objective of the study: to develop and assess the occlusal digital splint for treating patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD). Material and Methods — 17 patients between the ages of 30 and 49 diagnosed with TMJD were admitted for treatment. To normalize mandibular position, an occlusal digital splint for all patients was manufactured in accordance with our original method. An intensity of pain sensations in all patients prior to, and after, the treatment was assessed by a visual analogue scale, along with the changes in the mandibular movements’ amplitude, and the signs of splint wear and stability of occlusal contacts. Results — Patients have adapted themselves well to the splint and found it convenient in use. The study results showed that it was sufficiently effective in treatment of TMJD. Reduction in pain intensity and restoration of mandibular movements’ amplitude were detected with certainty. Only in 2 (11.7%) cases, the signs of wear on the splint were found, as evidenced by the changes in pre-treatment occlusal contacts. In all other cases throughout the study, a stable occlusal contact has been encountered. Conclusion — Our results indicated that proposed occlusal digital splint may be considered as a treatment option for the patients with TMJ disorders

Evidence for Indirect Action of Ionizing Radiation in 18-Crown‑6 Complexes with Halogenous Salts of Strontium: Simulation of Radiation-Induced Transformations in Ionic Liquid/Crown Ether Compositions

Ionic liquid/crown ether compositions are an attractive alternative to traditional extractants in the processes for spent nuclear fuel and liquid radioactive wastes reprocessing. These compositions are exposed to ionizing radiation, and their radiation stability, especially in the presence of metal salts, is a crucial issue. In the present study, the macrocyclic 18C6·Sr­(BF₄)₂ and 18C6·Sr­(PF₆)₂ complexes simulating the components of metal loaded ionic liquid/crown ether extractants were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Inclusion of Sr²⁺ cation into the 18C6 cavity resulted in more symmetric D_3d conformations of the macrocycle. The structural transformations of the crown ether were accompanied by an elongation of polyether CO bonds that could increase the possibility of radiolytic cleavage of the macrocycle. However, EPR study of the synthesized compounds subjected to X-ray irradiation revealed predominant formation of macrocyclic −CH₂–ĊH–O– radicals. This result demonstrated an evidence for indirect action of ionizing radiation on individual components of the complexes and was reasonably described by a positive “hole” transfer from primary macrocyclic radical cation to fluorous anion at the primary stages of radiolysis and a subsequent interaction of fluorine atom with 18C6 macrocycle in secondary radical reactions. The observed effects may be partially responsible for enhanced sensitivity of the ionic liquid/crown ether extractants to ionizing radiation due to chemical blocking of the crown ether with radiolytic HF, radiation-chemical degradation of the 18C6, and precipitation of a low-soluble SrF₂

Evidence for Indirect Action of Ionizing Radiation in 18-Crown‑6 Complexes with Halogenous Salts of Strontium: Simulation of Radiation-Induced Transformations in Ionic Liquid/Crown Ether Compositions

Ionic liquid/crown ether compositions are an attractive alternative to traditional extractants in the processes for spent nuclear fuel and liquid radioactive wastes reprocessing. These compositions are exposed to ionizing radiation, and their radiation stability, especially in the presence of metal salts, is a crucial issue. In the present study, the macrocyclic 18C6·Sr­(BF₄)₂ and 18C6·Sr­(PF₆)₂ complexes simulating the components of metal loaded ionic liquid/crown ether extractants were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Inclusion of Sr²⁺ cation into the 18C6 cavity resulted in more symmetric D_3d conformations of the macrocycle. The structural transformations of the crown ether were accompanied by an elongation of polyether CO bonds that could increase the possibility of radiolytic cleavage of the macrocycle. However, EPR study of the synthesized compounds subjected to X-ray irradiation revealed predominant formation of macrocyclic −CH₂–ĊH–O– radicals. This result demonstrated an evidence for indirect action of ionizing radiation on individual components of the complexes and was reasonably described by a positive “hole” transfer from primary macrocyclic radical cation to fluorous anion at the primary stages of radiolysis and a subsequent interaction of fluorine atom with 18C6 macrocycle in secondary radical reactions. The observed effects may be partially responsible for enhanced sensitivity of the ionic liquid/crown ether extractants to ionizing radiation due to chemical blocking of the crown ether with radiolytic HF, radiation-chemical degradation of the 18C6, and precipitation of a low-soluble SrF₂

Digital piracy: an update

This note summarizes and updates our previous survey of the economics of digital piracy (Belleflamme and Peitz, 2012)

A heterometallic (Fe6Na8) cage-like silsesquioxane: synthesis, structure, spin glass behavior and high catalytic activity.

International audienceThe exotic "Asian Lantern" heterometallic cage silsesquioxane [(PhSiO 1.5) 20 (FeO 1.5) 6 (NaO 0.5) 8 (n-BuOH) 9.6 (C 7 H 8)] (I) was obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction, EXAFS, topological analyses and DFT calculation. The magnetic property investigations revealed that it shows an unusual spin glass-like behavior induced by a particular triangular arrangement of Fe(III) ions. Cyclohexane and other alkanes as well as benzene can be oxidized to the corresponding alkyl hydroperoxides and phenol, respectively, by hydrogen peroxide in air in the presence of catalytic amounts of complex I and nitric acid. The Icatalyzed reaction of cyclohexane, cC 6 H 12 , with H 2 16 O 2 in an atmosphere of 18 O 2 gave a mixture of labeled and non-labeled cyclohexyl hydroperoxides, cC 6 H 11-16 O-16 OH and cC 6 H 11-18 O-18 OH, respectively, with an 18 O incorporation level of ca. 12%. Compound I also revealed high efficiency in the oxidative amidation of alcohols into amides: in the presence of complex I, only 500 ppm of iron was allowed to reach TON and TOF values of 1660 and 92 h À1