Oversættelse af standarder - Implementering af Fælles sprog standarden i de danske kommuner

I det kommunalpolitiske felt findes et væld af standarder – eksempelvis The Balanced Scorecard, LEAN-Management, Fælles sprog og mange andre. Standarder er kendetegnet ved, at være veldefinerede opskrifter, der kan benyttes af mange organisationer indenfor et felt. Men som artiklen efterviser, benyttes standarder ikke på samme måde overalt. Standarder oversættes og tilpasses praksis i de lokale organisationer. Det empiriske fokus i artiklen er på implementeringen af Fælles sprog standarden i de danske kommuner. Analysen viser blandt andet, at organisatoriske såvel som aktørbundne ressourcer i organisationen har betydning for, hvorvidt standarder oversættes eller ej. Artiklen adskiller sig på to måder fra majoriteten af publikationer indenfor litteraturen om organisatoriske oversættelsesprocesser. Dels benyttes kvantitative data, dels arbejdes der på det teoretiske plan med en kobling mellem sociologisk institutionel teori og aktørbaseret institutionalisme

Costs and quality of life for prehabilitation and early rehabilitation after surgery of the lumbar spine

During the recent years improved operation techniques and administrative procedures have been developed for early rehabilitation. At the same time preoperative lifestyle intervention (prehabilitation) has revealed a large potential for additional risk reduction

Implementation of standards. Explaining translation of the Common Language Standard in the Danish municipalities

There is an abundance of standards in the local policy area. Such standards include: The Balanced Scorecard, LEAN Management, Common Language just to mention a few. Standards are characterised by being well-defined formulas to be used by many actors within a field. However, standards are not necessarily being used in the same way everywhere. Standards are translatable. The article contributes with empirical knowledge about the implementation of the Common Language Standard that is used in the senior-citizen area in the Danish municipalities. It is shown that organizational as well as actor based resources can explain the translation processes. Theoretically the explanation is build on sociological new-institutional theory and insights from actor-centred institutionalism. Methodologically the analysis builds on quantitative data in the form of a questionnaire survey among Danish municipalities

An Attempt to Quantitative Modelling of Behavioural Security

This paper suggests a quantitative approach to security, and specifically to a security-concept, which is regarded as an attribute of dependability together with reliability, availability and safety. We note that security is a more complex attribute of dependability than are the other three, and that it can therefore be split into preventive and behavioural aspects. We show that, in addition to availability, confidentiality could be used to denote a new type of behavioural aspect of dependability. Integrity is interpreted in terms of fault prevention, and is not directly related to system behaviour. A practical measure for behavioural dependability attributes including confidentiality is defined. Due to the dependability viewpoint of security that we take, a measure could be derived using traditional reliability methods, suchas Markov modelling. The measure is meant for practical trade-offs within a class of computer systems. The measure quantifies system performance on user-specified service levels, which may be operational or failed. Certain levels may be related to confidentiality degradations or confidentiality failures. A simple Reference Monitorexample is given to illustrate the use of the measure. The calculation method is then extended to handle situations with non–exponential failure rates, which is the normal case in security applications, by means of using phase–type modelling. This is illustrated by introducing malicious software, such as a Trojan Horse into the Reference Monitor

A practical dependability measure for degradable computer systems with non-exponential degradation

This paper proposes a vectorized measure for a set of behavioural dependability attributes. The measure is based on Markov processes and is intended for practical dependability trade-offs. It describes the system performance on a number of service levels. Thus, it is possible to merge attributes such as reliability, safety andperformability into one single quality. Whereas reliability describes the functional fulfillment of a system, performability reflects its ability of functional degradation. The safety attribute handles a class of failures with catastrophic consequences and can beaccommodated by means of introducing two or more service levels for a failed system.Many systems exhibit time-dependent degradation rates and non–exponentiallifetimes. This situation can be handled by means of applying phase–type assumptions and introducing some additional states to the system, which would allow us toremain within the universe of Markov modelling

Is dabigatran considered a cost-effective alternative to warfarin treatment: a review of current economic evaluations worldwide

Abstract Objective: Dabigatran was the first of a new generation of anticoagulation drugs for the indication of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) to be approved. Evidence show that dabigatran 150 mg twice daily significantly reduces the risk of stroke and systemic embolism (RR = 0.65; p  73%. Three evaluations concluded that dabigatran was a cost-effective alternative to warfarin in patient sub-groups; TTR ≤ 64%, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHADS2 score) ≥3, or a CHADS2 score = 2 unless international normalized ratio (INR) control was excellent, and with high risk of stroke or in a low-quality warfarin treatment. Dabigatran 110 mg twice daily was in general dominated by dabigatran 150 mg twice daily. Limitations: The evaluations were not fully homogeneous, as some did not include loss of productivity, costs of dyspepsia, and annual costs of dabigatran patient management. Conclusions: In the majority of the economic evaluations, dabigatran is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin treatment. In some evaluations dabigatran is only cost-effective in sub-groups, such as patients with a low TTR-value in warfarin treatment and a CHADS2 score ≥2