Functional characterization of B class MADS-box transcription factors in Gerbera hybrida

According to the classical ABC model, B-function genes are involved in determining petal and stamen development. Most core eudicot species have B class genes belonging to three different lineages: the PI, euAP3, and TM6 lineages, although both Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum appear to have lost their TM6-like gene. Functional studies were performed for three gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) B class MADS-box genes—PI/GLO-like GGLO1, euAP3 class GDEF2, and TM6-like GDEF1—and data are shown for a second euAP3-like gene, GDEF3. In phylogenetic analysis, GDEF3 is a closely related paralogue of GDEF2, and apparently stems from a duplication common to all Asteraceae. Expression analysis and transgenic phenotypes confirm that GGLO1 and GDEF2 mediate the classical B-function since they determine petal and stamen identities. However, based on assays in yeast, three B class heterodimer combinations are possible in gerbera. In addition to the interaction of GGLO1 and GDEF2 proteins, GGLO1 also pairs with GDEF1 and GDEF3. This analysis of GDEF1 represents the first functional characterization of a TM6-like gene in a core eudicot species outside Solanaceae. Similarly to its relatives in petunia and tomato, the expression pattern and transgenic phenotypes indicate that GDEF1 is not involved in determination of petal identity, but has a redundant role in regulating stamen development

Yhdyskuntarakenteen tulevaisuus kaupunkiseuduilla – Kaupunkikudokset ja vyöhykkeet

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tunnistaa kaupunkiseutujen yhdyskuntarakenteen tulevaisuuteen vaikuttavia keskeisiä tekijöitä ja arvioida millaista tulevaisuutta nykyinen kehitys ja suunnitelmat ennakoivat yhdyskuntarakenteen kestävyyden näkökulmasta. Lähtökohtana on kaupunkiseutujen pitkään jatkunut yhdyskuntarakenteen laajenemis- ja hajautumiskehitys, joka näyttää taloustaantuman myötä hidastuneen ja kääntyneen osin tiivistymisen suuntaan erityisesti keskustoissa ja niiden välittömässä läheisyydessä. Kehitys vaihtelee suuresti kaupunkiseutujen välillä, koska valtakunnallinen rakennemuutos eriyttää kehitystä voimakkaasti kasvaviin ja taantuviin kaupunkiseutuihin. Samalla kun suurimmilla kasvuseuduilla investoidaan joukkoliikenteen kehittämiseen, hajautumiskehitys jatkuu väestöään menettävillä alueilla jo ennestään harvan rakenteen väljentyessä. Raportti perustuu kolmen kaupunkikudoksen – jalankulkukaupunki, joukkoliikennekaupunki ja autokaupunki – teoriaan, jossa kaupunkiseutu hahmotetaan historian eri vaiheissa syntyneinä kaupunkikudoksina. Tutkimuksessa on uudistettu yhdyskuntarakenteen tulkintaa kaupunkikudosten teoriaan tukeutuen sekä kerätty yhteiskehittämishankkeessa mukana olleilta 14 kaupunkiseudulta tietoa nykyisestä suunnittelutilanteesta, hankkeisiin ja suunnitelmien toteutukseen liittyvistä polkuriippuvuuksista ja suunnitelmien ajoituksesta sekä uusista avauksista. Suunnitelmista keskeiset muutoskohteet on viety aikajanalle ja kartalle osaksi paikkatietopohjaista analyysiä. Tavoitteena on ollut tuottaa tulevaisuusarvio kaupunkiseutujen yhdyskuntarakenteen kehityksestä vuoteen 2030. Tulosten perusteella 2010-luvulla voimistunut jalankulkukaupungin kehittäminen jatkuu tulevaisuudessa, ja monella kaupunkiseudulla on useita jalankulkuun ja pyöräilyyn liittyviä kehityshankkeita. Joukkoliikennekaupungin vahvistuminen on suurimpia kaupunkiseutuja lukuun ottamatta epävarmempaa, ja monella seudulla joukkoliikennekaupungin säilyminen ja muodostaminen vaatisi maankäytön suuntaamista vahvemmin tukemaan joukkoliikennekäytäviä. Autokaupungin kasvu näyttäisikin suunnitelmien perusteella jatkuvan vuoteen 2030, mikä on monilta osin ristiriidassa kaupunkiseutujen omien yhdyskuntarakenteen tavoitteiden kanssa. Yhtenä keskeisenä haasteena tunnistettiin lapsiperheille soveltuvien laadukkaiden asuntojen saatavuus jalankulku- ja joukkoliikennekaupungissa, jotta suurten asuntojen kysyntä ei kohdistuisi taloustilanteen elpyessä kehysalueille kauas työpaikoista ja palveluista

MITS: the Multi-Imaging Transient Spectrograph for SOXS

The Son Of X-Shooter (SOXS) is a medium resolution spectrograph R~4500 proposed for the ESO 3.6 m NTT. We present the optical design of the UV-VIS arm of SOXS which employs high efficiency ion-etched gratings used in first order (m=1) as the main dispersers. The spectral band is split into four channels which are directed to individual gratings, and imaged simultaneously by a single three-element catadioptric camera. The expected throughput of our design is >60% including contingency. The SOXS collaboration expects first light in early 2021. This paper is one of several papers presented in these proceedings describing the full SOXS instrument

Optical design of the SOXS spectrograph for ESO NTT

An overview of the optical design for the SOXS spectrograph is presented. SOXS (Son Of X-Shooter) is the new wideband, medium resolution (R>4500) spectrograph for the ESO 3.58m NTT telescope expected to start observations in 2021 at La Silla. The spectroscopic capabilities of SOXS are assured by two different arms. The UV-VIS (350-850 nm) arm is based on a novel concept that adopts the use of 4 ion-etched high efficiency transmission gratings. The NIR (800- 2000 nm) arm adopts the '4C' design (Collimator Correction of Camera Chromatism) successfully applied in X-Shooter. Other optical sub-systems are the imaging Acquisition Camera, the Calibration Unit and a pre-slit Common Path. We describe the optical design of the five sub-systems and report their performance in terms of spectral format, throughput and optical quality. This work is part of a series of contributions describing the SOXS design and properties as it is about to face the Final Design Review.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, published in SPIE Proceedings 1070

The VIS detector system of SOXS

SOXS will be a unique spectroscopic facility for the ESO NTT telescope able to cover the optical and NIR bands thanks to two different arms: the UV-VIS (350-850 nm), and the NIR (800-1800 nm). In this article, we describe the design of the visible camera cryostat and the architecture of the acquisition system. The UV-VIS detector system is based on a e2v CCD 44-82, a custom detector head coupled with the ESO continuous ow cryostats (CFC) cooling system and the NGC CCD controller developed by ESO. This paper outlines the status of the system and describes the design of the different parts that made up the UV-VIS arm and is accompanied by a series of contributions describing the SOXS design solutions.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, to be published in SPIE Proceedings 1070

The Acquisition Camera System for SOXS at NTT

SOXS (Son of X-Shooter) will be the new medium resolution (R$\sim$4500 for a 1 arcsec slit), high-efficiency, wide band spectrograph for the ESO-NTT telescope on La Silla. It will be able to cover simultaneously optical and NIR bands (350-2000nm) using two different arms and a pre-slit Common Path feeding system. SOXS will provide an unique facility to follow up any kind of transient event with the best possible response time in addition to high efficiency and availability. Furthermore, a Calibration Unit and an Acquisition Camera System with all the necessary relay optics will be connected to the Common Path sub-system. The Acquisition Camera, working in optical regime, will be primarily focused on target acquisition and secondary guiding, but will also provide an imaging mode for scientific photometry. In this work we give an overview of the Acquisition Camera System for SOXS with all the different functionalities. The optical and mechanical design of the system are also presented together with the preliminary performances in terms of optical quality, throughput, magnitude limits and photometric properties.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, SPIE conferenc

Architecture of the SOXS instrument control software

SOXS (Son Of X-Shooter) is a new spectrograph for the ESO NTT telescope, currently in the final design phase. The main instrument goal is to allow the characterization of transient sources based on alerts. It will cover from near-infrared to visible bands with a spectral resolution of $R \sim 4500$ using two separate, wavelength-optimized spectrographs. A visible camera, primarily intended for target acquisition and secondary guiding, will also provide a scientific "light" imaging mode. In this paper we present the current status of the design of the SOXS instrument control software, which is in charge of controlling all instrument functions and detectors, coordinating the execution of exposures, and implementing all observation, calibration and maintenance procedures. Given the extensive experience of the SOXS consortium in the development of instruments for the VLT, we decided to base the design of the Control System on the same standards, both for hardware and software control. We illustrate the control network, the instrument functions and detectors to be controlled, the overall design of SOXS Instrument Software (INS) and its main components. Then, we provide details about the control software for the most SOXS-specific features: control of the COTS-based imaging camera, the flexures compensation system and secondary guiding.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

SOXS Control Electronics Design

SOXS (Son Of X-Shooter) is a unique spectroscopic facility that will operate at the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) in La Silla from 2020 onward. The spectrograph will be able to cover simultaneously the UV-VIS and NIR bands exploiting two different arms and a Common Path feeding system. We present the design of the SOXS instrument control electronics. The electronics controls all the movements, alarms, cabinet temperatures, and electric interlocks of the instrument. We describe the main design concept. We decided to follow the ESO electronic design guidelines to minimize project time and risks and to simplify system maintenance. The design envisages Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) industrial components (e.g. Beckhoff PLC and EtherCAT fieldbus modules) to obtain a modular design and to increase the overall reliability and maintainability. Preassembled industrial motorized stages are adopted allowing for high precision assembly standards and a high reliability. The electronics is kept off-board whenever possible to reduce thermal issues and instrument weight and to increase the accessibility for maintenance purpose. The instrument project went through the Preliminary Design Review in 2017 and is currently in Final Design Phase (with FDR in July 2018). This paper outlines the status of the work and is part of a series of contributions describing the SOXS design and properties after the instrument Preliminary Design Review.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, to be publised in SPIE Proceedings 10707-9