A NEW INEQUALITY FOR THE SMARANDACHE FUNCTION

THIS PAPER IS ON A NEW INEQUALITY FOR THE SMARANDACHE FUNCTION

Evolution on the market of foreign language teaching services in Hungary

This case study is a part of a research project dealing with the post socialist market evolution. Companies with majority foreign ownership are very rare on the market of foreign language services in Hungary. Import competition is negligible on this market as well. One curious feature of this market is the long term and decisive presence of public education. The demand for language instruction grew rapidly in the last decades of socialism. Competition and presence of private enterprises began in the last year of the socialist system because of the permanent shortage. After the collapse of socialism a large number of new private companies entered this market as well. The demand fell during the transformational recession and rose again in the years of Hungary' EU accession. After this event this market shows more and more signs of saturation.market evolution, regulation of market competition

The Evolution of the Market of the Hungarian Printing Industry after 1989:The End of a Success Story?

This article examines a case study of one industry in order to explore the factors influencing changing performance levels in the industries of post-socialist economies. It explores the influence on industrial performance of a number of once-only non-repetitive factors of market development that were typical of the transition period and compares them with longer term aspects of the market economy. The case that we discuss here is the development of the market for products of the Hungarian printing industry since the late 1980s. During the transition phase, privatisation, deregulation, the abolition of administrative distribution, and radical cuts in subsidies were all among the factors affecting this industry. Its supply chains also changed radically. However, these lost their importance after the transition had been completed and the long term processes of technical development and consumer behaviour became the main determinants of the behaviour of the printing companies.printing industry, post-socialist economies, transition

Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the CIS Transition Economies

This paper deals with the causes and consequences of inequality and poverty in the countries east of the new frontiers of the European Union, mainly with the CIS countries. Poverty and inequalities in the former socialist countries were partly mitigated by the social policies of the state. The transition processes, however, have resulted in new distributions of income and wealth. The new structural sources of poverty and inequalities have often been more extreme. Some CIS countries have moderated poverty, which nonetheless persists in most CIS countries, in spite of some economic improvements.transition, Central and Eastern Europe, CIS countries, transformation, poverty, inequality, social policy, health, education

Modelling the Hungarian Agriculture: a methodological overview of the FARM-T model

This paper provides an opportunity for the reader to get an insight into the current modelling work at the Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, Hungary (AKI). After giving a short summary of the applied econometric models in the past decade, our latest development, the farm group model FARM-T will be introduced. Before introducing FARM-T in details, we devote the second part of the paper to collect all the major challenges we faced during the model development process, when we tried to establish a model structure, with which the possible effects of the introduction of the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) in Hungary can be properly estimated. Therefore, this chapter is meant to explain our motivation for choosing the applied model concept. In the following part of the paper, we provide a detailed introduction into the model. First, we describe the general structure, and then we go into the details about supply and demand sides. We lay an emphasis on the supply side, and especially how the agricultural production is represented by farm groups. After describing supply and demand sides, we focus on how the equilibrium is reached. Here, we discuss the interrelationships between sectors in more details (e.g. connection between crop and livestock production). We also stress the importance of regionally differentiated export and import markets. This enables us to take the various transportation modes, distances and market positions on different external markets into account. Finally, we discuss special model building issues related to the 2003 CAP reform, especially how the effects of decoupling of direct payments from production are estimated. We close this paper with a short summary of the problems concerned.FARM-T, partial equilibrium model, farm groups, Demand and Price Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Infinite horizon control and minimax observer design for linear DAEs

In this paper we construct an infinite horizon minimax state observer for a linear stationary differential-algebraic equation (DAE) with uncertain but bounded input and noisy output. We do not assume regularity or existence of a (unique) solution for any initial state of the DAE. Our approach is based on a generalization of Kalman's duality principle. The latter allows us to transform minimax state estimation problem into a dual control problem for the adjoint DAE: the state estimate in the original problem becomes the control input for the dual problem and the cost function of the latter is, in fact, the worst-case estimation error. Using geometric control theory, we construct an optimal control in the feed-back form and represent it as an output of a stable LTI system. The latter gives the minimax state estimator. In addition, we obtain a solution of infinite-horizon linear quadratic optimal control problem for DAEs.Comment: This is an extended version of the paper which is to appear in the proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Florence, Italy, December 10-13, 201