9 research outputs found
Diplomasi Indonesia terhadap Unesco dalam Meresmikan Subak sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia
This research is about Indonesia diplomacy effort to UNESCO to inaugurate Subak in Bali as a world cultural heritage from Indonesia in 2012. Subak Bali is a cultural heritage, it is an irrigation system that regulates the division of water management based on the mindset of harmony and togetherness, it based on formal rules and religious values. Many claims by other countries that take Indonesian culture, such as batik claiming by Malaysia, its make Indonesian government ask to UNESCO to recognize Subak as Indonesian culture. Many participants help the government to get the legally, its come from local community and also the government. Subak get legally as a Indonesia heritage culture after 10 years by some process like selection, filtration and fit and proper test.
This research applies realist perspective, where it focuses on state as the main actor in international politics. Indonesia wants show to the world that Indonesia also has a heritage culture. To explain this research, the author used theory of diplomacy. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. It uses the library method by taking the data from books, journals, articles, internet and other source. The author visit Department Cultural of Bali to direct research.
This research applies realist perspective, where it focuses on state as the main actor in international politics. Indonesia wants show to the world that Indonesia also has a heritage culture. To explain this research, the author used theory of diplomacy. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. It uses the library method by taking the data from books, journals, articles, internet and other source. The author visit Department Cultural of Bali to direct research.
The result of this research indicate that Indonesian government did multi-track diplomacy effort to get legally Subak as a world cultural heritage of Indonesia from UNESCO on 2012. The effort get a feedback from UNESCO on Mei 2012, when the Bali Heritage culture The Cultural Landscape of Bali : Subak System as a Manifestation of The Tri Hita Karana was approved to be a World Cultural heritage. It assigned in the 36th session of UNESCO in St. Petersbug, Russia on 29 June 2012.
The result of this research indicate that Indonesian government did multi-track diplomacy effort to get legally Subak as a world cultural heritage of Indonesia from UNESCO on 2012. The effort get a feedback from UNESCO on Mei 2012, when the Bali Heritage culture The Cultural Landscape of Bali : Subak System as a Manifestation of The Tri Hita Karana was approved to be a World Cultural heritage. It assigned in the 36th session of UNESCO in St. Petersbug, Russia on 29 June 2012.
Keywords: subak, UNESCO, cultural heritage of Bali, multy-track diplomacy
Keywords: subak, UNESCO, cultural heritage of Bali, multy-track diplomac
A Single-Chain Magnet with a Very High Blocking Temperature and a Strong Coercive Field
Two
isostructural 1D complexes, [MĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>NaphNN]<sub><i>n</i></sub> [M = Mn<sup>II</sup> (<b>1</b>) or Co<sup>II</sup> (<b>2</b>); NaphNN = 1-naphthyl nitronylnitroxide],
were synthesized and exhibit very strong antiferromagnetic metalāradical
exchange coupling. Compound <b>2</b> shows slow magnetic relaxation
behavior with a high blocking temperature (<i>T</i><sub>B</sub> ā 13.2 K) and a very high coercive field of 49 kOe
at 4.0 K
Magnetic Mn and Co Complexes with a Large Polycyclic Aromatic Substituted Nitronylnitroxide
2-(1ā²-Pyrenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PyrNN) was reacted with MĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub> (M = MnĀ(II) and CoĀ(II), hfac = hexafluoracetylacetonate)
to give two isostructural ML<sub>2</sub> stoichiometry MĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)<sub>2</sub> complexes and a ML stoichiometry one-dimensional
(1-D) polymer chain complex [MnĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)]. The ML<sub>2</sub> complexes have similar crystal structures with monoclinic
unit cells, in which one NO unit from each PyrNN ligand is bonded
to the transition metal on cis vertices of a distorted octahedron.
The major magnetic interactions are intracomplex metal-to-radical
exchange (<i>J</i>), and intermolecular exchange across
a close contact between the uncoordinated NO units (<i>J</i>ā²). For M = MnĀ(II) an approximate chain model fit gives <i>g</i> = 2.0, <i>J</i> = (ā)Ā125 cm<sup>ā1</sup> and <i>J</i>ā² = (ā)Ā49 cm<sup>ā1</sup>; for M = CoĀ(II), <i>g</i> = 2.4, <i>J</i> =
(ā)Ā180 cm<sup>ā1</sup>, and <i>J</i>ā²
= (ā)Ā70 cm<sup>ā1</sup>. Hybrid density functional theory
(DFT) computations modeling the intermolecular exchange by using only
the radical units across the close contact are in good accord with
the estimated values of <i>J</i>ā². The chain type
complex structure shows solvent incorporation for overall structure
[MnĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)]<sub><i>n</i></sub>Ā·0.5Ā(CHCl<sub>3</sub>)Ā·0.5Ā(C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub>). Both NO groups of
the PyrNN ligand are complexed to form helical chains, with very strong
metal to radical antiferromagnetic exchange that gives overall ferrimagnetic
behavior
New Synthetic Route toward Heterometallic 3dā3dā² and 3dā4f Single-Molecule Magnets. The First Co<sup>II</sup>āMn<sup>III</sup> Heterometallic Complex
Four tetranuclear heterometallic
complexes, [Co<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub><sup>III</sup>(dpm)<sub>4</sub>(MeO)<sub>6</sub>] (<b>1</b>) and [Ln<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub>ĀMn<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub>Ā(dpm)<sub>6</sub>Ā(MeO)<sub>6</sub>(MeOH)<sub><i>n</i></sub>], where Ln = Gd (<b>2</b>, <i>n</i> = 2), Tb (<b>3</b>, <i>n</i> = 2), and Dy (<b>4</b>, <i>n</i> = 0), have been obtained following the same general synthetic
route, namely, the one-pot reaction between 2,2,6,6-tetrametil-3,5-heptanodione
(Hdpm), MnCl<sub>2</sub> and CoCl<sub>2</sub> or LnĀ(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> in the presence of sodium methoxide. Within the four
compounds, the metal ions bridged by methoxide ligands display a defect-diheterocubane
core. Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> show slow relaxation of the magnetization below 4 K
Magnetic Mn and Co Complexes with a Large Polycyclic Aromatic Substituted Nitronylnitroxide
2-(1ā²-Pyrenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1<i>H</i>-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PyrNN) was reacted with MĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub> (M = MnĀ(II) and CoĀ(II), hfac = hexafluoracetylacetonate)
to give two isostructural ML<sub>2</sub> stoichiometry MĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)<sub>2</sub> complexes and a ML stoichiometry one-dimensional
(1-D) polymer chain complex [MnĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)]. The ML<sub>2</sub> complexes have similar crystal structures with monoclinic
unit cells, in which one NO unit from each PyrNN ligand is bonded
to the transition metal on cis vertices of a distorted octahedron.
The major magnetic interactions are intracomplex metal-to-radical
exchange (<i>J</i>), and intermolecular exchange across
a close contact between the uncoordinated NO units (<i>J</i>ā²). For M = MnĀ(II) an approximate chain model fit gives <i>g</i> = 2.0, <i>J</i> = (ā)Ā125 cm<sup>ā1</sup> and <i>J</i>ā² = (ā)Ā49 cm<sup>ā1</sup>; for M = CoĀ(II), <i>g</i> = 2.4, <i>J</i> =
(ā)Ā180 cm<sup>ā1</sup>, and <i>J</i>ā²
= (ā)Ā70 cm<sup>ā1</sup>. Hybrid density functional theory
(DFT) computations modeling the intermolecular exchange by using only
the radical units across the close contact are in good accord with
the estimated values of <i>J</i>ā². The chain type
complex structure shows solvent incorporation for overall structure
[MnĀ(hfac)<sub>2</sub>(PyrNN)]<sub><i>n</i></sub>Ā·0.5Ā(CHCl<sub>3</sub>)Ā·0.5Ā(C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub>). Both NO groups of
the PyrNN ligand are complexed to form helical chains, with very strong
metal to radical antiferromagnetic exchange that gives overall ferrimagnetic
behavior
New Synthetic Route toward Heterometallic 3dā3dā² and 3dā4f Single-Molecule Magnets. The First Co<sup>II</sup>āMn<sup>III</sup> Heterometallic Complex
Four tetranuclear heterometallic
complexes, [Co<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub><sup>III</sup>(dpm)<sub>4</sub>(MeO)<sub>6</sub>] (<b>1</b>) and [Ln<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub>ĀMn<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub>Ā(dpm)<sub>6</sub>Ā(MeO)<sub>6</sub>(MeOH)<sub><i>n</i></sub>], where Ln = Gd (<b>2</b>, <i>n</i> = 2), Tb (<b>3</b>, <i>n</i> = 2), and Dy (<b>4</b>, <i>n</i> = 0), have been obtained following the same general synthetic
route, namely, the one-pot reaction between 2,2,6,6-tetrametil-3,5-heptanodione
(Hdpm), MnCl<sub>2</sub> and CoCl<sub>2</sub> or LnĀ(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> in the presence of sodium methoxide. Within the four
compounds, the metal ions bridged by methoxide ligands display a defect-diheterocubane
core. Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> show slow relaxation of the magnetization below 4 K
CoreāShell FeāPt Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Magnetic and Catalytic Properties
The
reaction of FeĀ(CO)<sub>5</sub> and Pt<sub>2</sub>(dba)<sub>3</sub> in 1-<i>n</i>-butyl-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
(BMIm.BF<sub>4</sub>), hexafluorophosphate (BMIm.PF<sub>6</sub>),
and bisĀ(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Āimide (BMIm.NTf<sub>2</sub>) under
hydrogen affords stable magnetic colloidal coreāshell nanoparticles
(NPs). The thickness of the Pt shell layer has a direct correlation
with the water stability of the anion and increases in the order of
PF<sub>6</sub> > BF<sub>4</sub> > NTf<sub>2</sub>, yielding
the metal
compositions Pt<sub>4</sub>Fe<sub>1</sub>, Pt<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>, and Pt<sub>1</sub>Fe<sub>1</sub>, respectively. Magnetic measurements
give evidence of a strongly enhanced Pauli paramagnetism of the Pt
shell and a partially disordered iron-oxide core with diminished saturation
magnetization. The obtained Pauli paramagnetism of the Pt shell is
2 orders of magnitude higher than that of bulk Pt, owing to symmetry
breaking at the surface and interface, resulting in a strong increase
in the density of states at the Fermi level, and thus to enhanced
Pauli susceptibility. Moreover, these ultrasmall NPs showed efficient
catalytic activity for the direct production of selective short-chain
hydrocarbons (C<sub>1</sub>āC<sub>6</sub>) by the FischerāTropsch
synthesis with efficient conversion (18ā34%) and selectivity
(69ā90%, C<sub>2</sub>āC<sub>4</sub>). The selectivity
and activity were dependent on the Fe-oxides@Pt particle size. The
catalytic activity decreased from 34 to 18% as the NP size increased
from 1.7 to 2.5 nm at 15 bar and 300 Ā°C
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and EPR Studies of First Mn<sup>III</sup>Ln<sup>III</sup> Hetero-binuclear Complexes
A new
family of binuclear complexes [Mn<sup>III</sup>ĀLn<sup>III</sup>Ā(dpm)<sub>4</sub>Ā(MeO)<sub>2</sub>Ā(MeĀOH)<sub>2</sub>] is reported (where Ln = La<sup>III</sup> (<b>1</b>), Pr<sup>III</sup> (<b>2</b>), and Eu<sup>III</sup>(<b>3</b>)). These compounds were obtained from a one-pot reaction
between 2,2,6,6-tetraĀmethĀyl-3,5-hepĀtanoĀdione
(Hdpm), Mn<sup>II</sup>, and the respective Ln<sup>III</sup> salt
in the presence of sodium methoxide. The derivative containing the
diamagnetic ion La<sup>III</sup> has been synthesized in order to
characterize the local anisotropy of the Mn<sup>III</sup> ion. High-field
electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) spectroscopy shows that the
Mn<sup>III</sup> ion, with an elongated octahedral geometry in all
compounds, has a significant axial zero-field splitting and a small
rhombic anisotropy. Additionally, the HFEPR measurements indicate
that there is almost no exchange between the spin carriers in these
compounds, all of which exhibit field-induced slow relaxation of the
magnetization
Binuclear Lanthanide-Radical Complexes Featuring Two Centers with Different Magnetic and Luminescence Properties
Binuclear
complexes with general formula [Ln<sub>2</sub>(hfac)<sub>6</sub>Ā(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(dppnTEMPO)] (Ln<sup>III</sup> = Gd, Tb,
and Dy) have been obtained using the paramagnetic ligand 1-piperidinyl-4-[(diphenylphosphinyl)Āamino]-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl
(dppnTEMPO) as a bridge. One of the lanthanide ions is ferromagnetically
coupled with the TEMPO moiety. Two of the complexes (Dy and Tb) show
slow relaxation of the magnetization, and the non-magneto-equivalence
of the two Ln<sup>III</sup> ions was clearly observed. The <i>ab initio</i> CASSCF calculations were employed to confirm this
behavior, as well as to rationalize the LnāRad interaction.
The simulations of the magnetic properties were allowed by the insights
given by the calculations. The inequivalence of the Tb<sup>III</sup> ions was also proved by emission spectroscopy