207 research outputs found
The Star Formation History of the Carina Dwarf Galaxy
We have analyzed deep B and V photometry of the Carina dwarf spheroidal
reaching below the old main-sequence turnoff to about V = 25. Using simulated
color-magnitude diagrams to model a range of star formation scenarios, we have
extracted a detailed, global star formation history. Carina experienced three
significant episodes of star formation at about 15 Gyr, 7 Gyr, and 3 Gyr.
Contrary to the generic picture of galaxy evolution, however, the bulk of star
formation, at least 50%, occured during the episode 7 Gyr ago, which may have
lasted as long as 2 Gyr. For unknown reasons, Carina formed only 10-20% of its
stars at an ancient epoch and then remained quiescent for more than 4 Gyr. The
remainder (~30%) formed relatively recently, only 3 Gyr ago. Interest in the
local population of dwarf galaxies has increased lately due to their potential
importance in the understanding of faint galaxy counts. We surmise that objects
like Carina, which exhibits the most extreme episodic behavior of any of the
dwarf spheroidal companions to the Galaxy, are capable of contributing to the
observed excess of blue galaxies at B = 24 only if the star formation occurred
instantaneously.Comment: 23 pages of text, 20 figures, 8 tables. AJ, in pres
WFPC2 Observations of Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds: I. The LMC Globular Cluster Hodge 11
We present our analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera
2 observations in F555W (broadband V) and F450W (broadband B) of the globular
cluster Hodge 11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. The resulting V vs.
(B-V) color-magnitude diagram reaches 2.4 mag below the main-sequence turnoff
(which is at V_TO = 22.65 +- 0.10 mag or M_V^TO = 4.00 +- 0.16 mag). Comparing
the fiducial sequence of Hodge 11 with that of the Galactic globular cluster
M92, we conclude that, within the accuracy of our photometry, the age of Hodge
11 is identical to that of M92 with a relative age-difference uncertainty
ranging from 10% to 21%. Provided that Hodge 11 has always been a part of the
Large Magellanic Cloud and was not stripped from the halo of the Milky Way or
absorbed from a cannibalized dwarf spheroidal galaxy, then the oldest stars in
the Large Magellanic Clouds and the Milky Way appear to have the same age.Comment: 14 pages (LaTeX+aaspp4.sty), 3 tables and 4 figures (Postscript,
gzipped tar file). Postscript version of paper, tables, and full-resolution
figures available at http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~mighell/hodge11.html To
appear in the Astronomical Journa
The Star Formation History of the Local Group dwarf galaxy Leo I
We present a quantitative analysis of the star formation history (SFH) of the
Local Group dSph galaxy Leo I, from the information in its HST [(V-I),I]
color-magnitude diagram (CMD). The method we use is based in comparing, via
synthetic CMDs, the expected distribution of stars in the CMD for different
evolutionary scenarios, with the observed distribution. We consider the SFH to
be composed by the SFR(t), the Z(t), the IMF, and a function ,
controlling the fraction and mass ratio distribution of binary stars.
The comparison between the observed CMD and the model CMDs is done through
chi-square minimization of the differences in the number of stars in a set of
regions of the CMD.
Our solution for the SFH of Leo I defines a minimum of chi-square in a well
defined position of the parameter space, and the derived SFR(t) is robust, in
the sense that its main characteristics are unchanged for different
combinations of the remaining parameters. However, only a narrow range of
assumptions for Z(t), IMF and result in a good agreement between
the data and the models, namely: Z=0.0004, a Kroupa et al. (1993) IMF or
slightly steeper, and a relatively large fraction of binary stars. Most star
formation activity (70% to 80%) occurred between 7 and 1 Gyr ago. At 1 Gyr ago,
it abruptly dropped to a negligible value, but seems to have been active until
at least ~ 300 Myr ago. Our results don't unambiguously answer the question of
whether Leo I began forming stars around 15 Gyr ago, but it appears that the
amount of this star formation, if existing at all, would be small.Comment: 25 pages + 14 figures. Accepted by The Astronomical Journa
Clues on the evolution of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy from the color distribution of its red giant stars
The thin red giant branch (RGB) of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy appears
at first sight quite puzzling and seemingly in contrast with the presence of
several distinct bursts of star formation. In this Letter, we provide a
measurement of the color spread of red giant stars in Carina based on new BVI
wide-field observations, and model the width of the RGB by means of synthetic
color-magnitude diagrams. The measured color spread, Sigma{V-I}=0.021 +/-
0.005, is quite naturally accounted for by the star-formation history of the
galaxy. The thin RGB appears to be essentially related to the limited age range
of its dominant stellar populations, with no need for a metallicity dispersion
at a given age. This result is relatively robust with respect to changes in the
assumed age-metallicity relation, as long as the mean metallicity over the
galaxy lifetime matches the observed value ([Fe/H] = -1.91 +/- 0.12 after
correction for the age effects). This analysis of photometric data also sets
some constraints on the chemical evolution of Carina by indicating that the
chemical abundance of the interstellar medium in Carina remained low throughout
each episode of star formation even though these episodes occurred over many
Gyr.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journal Letter
Parameter Estimation in Astronomy with Poisson-Distributed Data. I. The Chi-Square-Gamma Statistic
Applying the standard weighted mean formula, [sum_i {n_i sigma^{-2}_i}] /
[sum_i {sigma^{-2}_i}], to determine the weighted mean of data, n_i, drawn from
a Poisson distribution, will, on average, underestimate the true mean by ~1 for
all true mean values larger than ~3 when the common assumption is made that the
error of the ith observation is sigma_i = max(sqrt{n_i},1). This small, but
statistically significant offset, explains the long-known observation that
chi-square minimization techniques which use the modified Neyman's chi-square
statistic, chi^2_{N} equiv sum_i (n_i-y_i)^2 / max(n_i,1), to compare
Poisson-distributed data with model values, y_i, will typically predict a total
number of counts that underestimates the true total by about 1 count per bin.
Based on my finding that the weighted mean of data drawn from a Poisson
distribution can be determined using the formula [sum_i [n_i + min(n_i,1)]
(n_i+1)^{-1}] / [sum_i (n_i+1)^{-1}], I propose that a new chi-square
statistic, chi^2_gamma equiv sum_i [n_i + min(n_i,1) - y_i]^2 / [n_i + 1],
should always be used to analyze Poisson-distributed data in preference to the
modified Neyman's chi-square statistic. I demonstrate the power and usefulness
of chi-square-gamma minimization by using two statistical fitting techniques
and five chi-square statistics to analyze simulated X-ray power-law 15-channel
spectra with large and small counts per bin. I show that chi-square-gamma
minimization with the Levenberg-Marquardt or Powell's method can produce
excellent results (mean slope errors <=3%) with spectra having as few as 25
total counts.Comment: 22 pages (LaTeX+aaspp4.sty), 6 tables (PostScript format) and 12
figures (PostScript format). The PostScript version of the paper, tables, and
full-resolution color figures are available at
http://www.noao.edu/staff/mighell/chi-square-gamma/ To appear in the
Astrophysical Journal (accepted 1998 November 20
Real-time PCR based on SYBR-Green I fluorescence: An alternative to the TaqMan assay for a relative quantification of gene rearrangements, gene amplifications and micro gene deletions
BACKGROUND:
Real-time PCR is increasingly being adopted for RNA quantification and genetic analysis. At present the most popular real-time PCR assay is based on the hybridisation of a dual-labelled probe to the PCR product, and the development of a signal by loss of fluorescence quenching as PCR degrades the probe. Though this so-called 'TaqMan' approach has proved easy to optimise in practice, the dual-labelled probes are relatively expensive.
RESULTS:
We have designed a new assay based on SYBR-Green I binding that is quick, reliable, easily optimised and compares well with the published assay. Here we demonstrate its general applicability by measuring copy number in three different genetic contexts; the quantification of a gene rearrangement (T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells); the detection and quantification of GLI, MYC-C and MYC-N gene amplification in cell lines and cancer biopsies; and detection of deletions in the OPA1 gene in dominant optic atrophy.
CONCLUSION:
Our assay has important clinical applications, providing accurate diagnostic results in less time, from less biopsy material and at less cost than assays currently employed such as FISH or Southern blotting
Dwarf Cepheids in the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
We have discovered 20 dwarf Cepheids (DC) in the Carina dSph galaxy from the
analysis of individual CCD images obtained for a deep photometric study of the
system. These short-period pulsating variable stars are by far the most distant
(~100 kpc) and faintest (V ~ 23.0) DCs known. The Carina DCs obey a
well-defined period-luminosity relation, allowing us to readily distinguish
between overtone and fundamental pulsators in nearly every case. Unlike RR Lyr
stars, the pulsation mode turns out to be uncorrelated with light-curve shape,
nor do the overtone pulsators tend towards shorter periods compared to the
fundamental pulsators. Using the period-luminosity (PL) relations from Nemec et
al. (1994 AJ, 108, 222) and McNamara (1995, AJ, 109, 1751), we derive (m-M)_0 =
20.06 +/- 0.12, for E(B-V) = 0.025 and [Fe/H] = -2.0, in good agreement with
recent, independent estimates of the distance/reddening of Carina. The error
reflects the uncertainties in the DC distance scale, and in the metallicity and
reddening of Carina. The frequency of DCs among upper main sequence stars in
Carina is approximately 3%. The ratio of dwarf Cepheids to RR Lyr stars in
Carina is 0.13 +/- 0.10, though this result is highly sensitive to the
star-formation history of Carina and the evolution of the Horizontal Branch. We
discuss how DCs may be useful to search effectively for substructure in the
Galactic halo out to Galactocentric distances of ~100 kpc.Comment: 20 pages of text, 7 figure
Deep HST-WFPC2 photometry of NGC 288. II. The Main Sequence Luminosity Function
The Main Sequence Luminosity Function (LF) of the Galactic globular cluster
NGC 288 has been obtained using deep WFPC2 photometry. We have employed a new
method to correct for completeness and fully account for bin-to-bin migration
due to blending and/or observational scatter. The effect of the presence of
binary systems in the final LF is quantified and is found to be negligible.
There is a strong indication of the mass segregation of unevolved single stars
and clear signs of a depletion of low mass stars in NGC 288 with respect to
other clusters. The results are in good agreement with the prediction of
theoretical models of the dynamical evolution of NGC 288 that take into account
the extreme orbital properties of this cluster.Comment: 16 pages, 6 .ps figures. Low resolution version of fig. 1; full
resolution figure soon available at http://www.bo.astro.it/bap/BAPhome.html
l. Latex. emulateapj5.sty macro included. Accepted for publication by The
Astronomical Journa
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