Terminology for contrast-enhanced sonography: a practical glossary.

Objective. The purpose of this glossary is to offer an updated guide to the correct terminology for contrast-enhanced sonography. Methods. This report was prepared by a panel of radiologists from the Sonography Section of the Italian Association of Medical Radiology. A leading author prepared a list of terms based on a comprehensive literature survey. The draft was analyzed by 3 experts on the topic of contrast-enhanced sonography. These reviewers reached a consensus and prepared the final version. Results. A list of 137 terms is included. These terms are briefly defined. Their proper application is discussed, with special reference to potential misleading uses. Conclusions. Contrast-enhanced sonography is a relatively new diagnostic tool, now entering clinical practice in several countries. Use of appropriate, universal terminology is mandatory in the scientific setting to allow comparison between different published experiences. Additionally, use of clear, standardized terminology is necessary in the clinical setting to facilitate report understanding by the referring physician. Standardized, nonequivocal nomenclature may also help future diffusion of sonographic contrast media in countries where their application is still not approved

Elaborare in sardo, elaborare in italiano. Una ricerca nella scuola media.

L'articolo presenta i dati di una ricerca condotta in provincia di Sassari, su alunni di scuola media, applicando uno schema sperimentale già utilizzato in ricerche condotte in regioni dell'Italia meridionale, al fine di valutare i possibili effetti del tipo di codice utilizzato, lingua nazionale o dialetto, sulla produzione di testi. I risultati confermano in gran parte gli esiti precedenti, pur con alcune specificità dal punto di vista semantico, legate a caratteristiche del contesto sardo

Sonographic Scrotal Anatomy

High resolution ultrasound allows an excellent evaluation of the different organs contained in the scrotal sac. The testes are paired organs with smooth surface homogeneous echotexture. The epididymis is usually set on the upper and posterior-lateral aspect of the testis, but anatomical variations exist. The epididymal head is almost isoechoic to testis, while the remaining portions are usually less echogenic. The vas deferens and vessels are identified in the spermatic cord in virtually all subjects. Appendages of the testis and of the epididymis are often recognized. Doppler interrogation allows evaluation of flow characteristics of intratesticular and funicular vessels. This chapter describes the normal appearance of the scrotal content at color doppler ultrasound. Specific topics discussed are ultrasound appearance of anatomical variations of the testis and epididymis and color doppler features of the testicular and extratesticular vessels