人工呼吸器をつけた重症心身障害児との関係性の獲得過程 : 保育者との関わりを通した発達的変容

Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is a progressive muscular atrophy dystrophy, which weakens muscle functions throughout the body. This disease is characterized by difficulties in feeding, mastication, deglutition, respiration, maintaining sitting position, standing, walking, etc. Consequently, patients with this disease are required to constantly receive total medical assistance for daily life and management for artificial ventilation, using such treatments as tube feeding, artificial respiration and suction. Artificial ventilation management leads to loss of voice and muscular atrophy, causing the patient to lose most of her means of linguistic and nonlinguistic communication. In addition, during the stay in the hospital with prioritized medical care, nursing and educational care are not sufficiently provided. In order to solve these problems, it is important to promptly devise means for communication recovery and provide proper interaction for child patients, along with maintenance of safe, assisted therapeutic environments. This research examines the validity of higher-order relationships formed between the nursery care worker and severely-retarded child with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, by identifying developmental modification of such relationships and interaction, using practical engagement observation methods. The following three experimental purposes are proposed for nursery care worker to encourage communication with child patients : (1) establishment of shared space with the child by involvement in her world for relationship building, (2) development of such space into a play space by understanding the child\u27s interests to promote the expression of spontaneity, (3) expansion of the common play space through physical interaction. As shown in the engagement stated above, the child patient showed the ability to clearly express her limited motor functions in response to linguistic stimulus by others. As a result, it is possible to confirm whether she understands other linguistic stimulus from her expressed intentions. Also, it can be said that the resulting formed relationships are effective for the child to obtain knowledge of an object and methods for expression. It is expected that if a child patient can learn to communicate using a computer, she will be able to interact with others. This research suggests the possibility of appealing to a child\u27s various intentions concerning how to get involved with others in the future

生徒の人権意識を高める学校経営に関する事例研究

本研究の目的は，中学校において生徒の人権意識が高まった学校経営上の要因を明らかにすることである。本研究では次の５点が明らかになった。①校長が「安全・安心な学校」という学校経営のコンセプトを繰り返し，生徒や教職員，保護者に表明していた。このことが生徒の人権意識に影響を与え，教職員組織における人権教育を重視する規範の形成を促した。②校長が学校経営方針を毎年改善し，教職員へ教育計画の改善を要求したことが，教職員における毎年の教育改善の規範形成を促した。③教職員における人権教育重視と，毎年の教育改善の規範形成が，人権教育の授業研究の継続 を促した。④人権教育に関する授業研究の継続が，人権教育の授業の質の向上や，教職員の協働性の向上を促していた。校長によるメンター研修の導入も，教職員の協働性を向上させた。⑤人権教育の授業の質と教職員の協働性の向上が，生徒の人権意識の高まりを促した。The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors in school management that raised the awareness of human rights of students in junior high school. The following five points were clarified in this study. (1) The principal repeated the school management concept of safe and secure school and expressed it to students, staff, and parents. This affected students\u27 awareness of human rights and encouraged the formation of norms that emphasize human rights education in staff. (2) The principal improved the school management policy every year and requested staff to improve the education plan, which prompted the formation of a norm for improving education every year. (3) The emphasis on human rights education among staff and the formation of norms for improving education every year promoted the continuation of human rights education lesson study. (4) Continuation of lesson study on human rights education promoted the improvement of the quality of human rights education lessons and the improvement of collaboration among staff. The introduction of mentor training system by the principal improved the collaboration of faculty and staff. (5) Improving the quality of human rights education lessons and the collaboration of staff promoted the heightened awareness of human rights of students

Conserved Region CR2 of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen Leader Protein Is a Multifunctional Domain That Mediates Self-Association as well as Nuclear Localization and Nuclear Matrix Association

Self-association of viral proteins is important for many of their functions, including enzymatic, transcriptional, and transformational activities. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen leader protein (EBNA-LP) contains various numbers of W1W2 repeats and a unique carboxyl-terminal Y1Y2 domain. It was reported that EBNA-LP associates with a variety of cellular proteins and plays a critical role in EBV-induced transformation. We report here that EBNA-LP self-associates in vivo and the domain responsible for the homotypic association is a multifunctional domain mediating nuclear localization, nuclear matrix association, and EBNA-2-dependent coactivator function of the protein. Our conclusions are based on the following observations. (i) EBNA-LP interacts with itself or its derivatives in the yeast two-hybrid system. (ii) A purified chimeric protein consisting of glutathione S-transferase fused to EBNA-LP specifically formed complexes with EBNA-LP transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. (iii) When Flag epitope-tagged EBNA-LP with either one or two W1W2 repeats and EBNA-LP containing four W1W2 repeats were coexpressed in COS-7 cells, the latter was specifically coimmunoprecipitated with the former. (iv) Mutational analyses of EBNA-LP with deletion mutants revealed that the region between codons 19 and 39 (relative to the first amino acid residue of the W2 domain) is essential for self-association of the protein. The mapped region almost completely overlaps with CR2 and CR3, regions conserved among a subset of primate γ-herpesviruses and critical for EBNA-2-dependent coactivator function. Amino acid substitutions in CR2 alone abolished the ability of the protein to self-interact. This laboratory previously reported that CR2 is also responsible for nuclear localization and nuclear matrix association (A. Yokoyama, Y. Kawaguchi, I. Kitabayashi, M. Ohki, and K. Hirai, Virology 279:401–413, 2001). (v) Sucrose gradient sedimentation showed that amino acid substitutions in CR2 reduced the ability of the protein to form protein complexes in B cells. These results suggest that self-association of EBNA-LP may be important for its various functions and interactions of the protein with multiple cellular proteins