Cross-waves induced by the vertical oscillation of a fully immersed vertical plate

Capillary waves excited by the vertical oscillations of a thin elongated plate below an air-water interface are analyzed using time-resolved measurements of the surface topography. A parametric instability is observed above a well defined acceleration threshold, resulting in a so-called cross-wave, a staggered wave pattern localized near the wavemaker and oscillating at half the forcing frequency. This cross-wave, which is stationary along the wavemaker but propagative away from it, is described as the superposition of two almost anti-parallel propagating parametric waves making a small angle of the order of $20^\mathrm{o}$ with the wavemaker edge. This contrasts with the classical Faraday parametric waves, which are exactly stationnary because of the homogeneity of the forcing. Our observations suggest that the selection of the cross-wave angle results from a resonant mechanism between the two parametric waves and a characteristic length of the surface deformation above the wavemaker.Comment: to appear in Physics of Fluid

Transient response of a sandwich structure damped with a fibrous core material

International audienceThis paper investigates the effect of a fibrous core material on the transient response of a sandwich structure. The core material studied is made of entangled carbon fibers cross-linked with epoxy resin. In order to understand its complex behavior, the material is characterized in shear oscillation, and the obtained shear-stress loops are described using Dahl’s dynamic hysteresis model. Then, the transient response of a single-degree-of-freedom system including this material is simulated and the amplitude dependency of the response is analyzed. Sandwich beams with the fibrous core material are tested experimentally with a impact hammer and compared with classical honeycomb and foam cored sandwich beams. The entangled cross-linked fibers are shown to provide high damping resulting in a fast return to the equilibrium position. Both theoretical and experimental studies showed nonlinear damping. In the amplitude range studied, the material is more interesting at high impact amplitude

Ultrarobust calibration of an optical lattice depth based on a phase shift

We report on a new method to calibrate the depth of an optical lattice. It consists in triggering the intrasite dipole mode of the cloud by a sudden phase shift. The corresponding oscillatory motion is directly related to the intraband frequencies on a large range of lattice depths. Remarkably, for a moderate displacement, a single frequency dominates this oscillation for the zeroth and first order interference pattern observed after a sufficiently long time-of-flight. The method is robust against atom-atom interactions and the exact value of the extra external confinement of the initial trapping potential.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Storm-induced precipitation variability control of long-term erosion

International audienceErosion is often treated as a continuous process, yet it occurs through discrete events such as floods and landslides of variable magnitude and periodicity. It has also long been expected to be strongly dependent on precipitation, however, the influence of temporal rainfall variability upon long-term evolution of landscapes remains unclear. Here we report high erosion rates (0.8 to ∼10 mmyr−1over ∼70 ka) estimated from paleovolcanic reconstructions across a steep rainfall gradient on Reunion Island, which show that long-term erosion rates are influenced by the cyclone-induced variability of precipitation. Geostatistical analysis of 30 years of daily rainfall records reveals that erosion rates are high where the local climate is the driest and where the difference in intensity between extreme rainfall events and prevailing precipitation is the strongest. This implies that the intrinsic variability of precipitation impacts landscape evolution not only through extreme meteorological events, but also through background rainfall-induced parameters such as humidity and dryness, which modulate the erosion threshold of the Earth’s Critical Zone

Topology Optimization of Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile sensing method with a detection limit down to the single molecule level. In this article, we demonstrate how topology optimization (TopOpt) can be used for designing surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates adhering to realistic fabrication constraints. As an example, we experimentally demonstrated a SERS enhancement factor of 5*10e4 for the 604 cm-1 Raman line of rhodamine 6G using metal nanostructures with a critical dimension of 20 nm. We then show that, by relaxing the fabrication constraints, TopOpt may be used to design SERS substrates with orders of magnitude larger enhancement factor. The results validate topology optimization as an effective method for engineering nanostructures with optimal performance and fabrication tolerance.Comment: 12 page

Audible pain squeaks can mediate emotional contagion across pre-exposed rats with a potential effect of auto-conditioning

Footshock self-experience enhances rodents' reactions to the distress of others. Here, we tested one potential mechanism supporting this phenomenon, namely that animals auto-condition to their own pain squeaks during shock pre-exposure. In Experiment 1, shock pre-exposure increased freezing and 22 kHz distress vocalizations while animals listened to the audible pain-squeaks of others. In Experiment 2 and 3, to test the auto-conditioning theory, we weakened the noxious pre-exposure stimulus not to trigger pain squeaks, and compared pre-exposure protocols in which we paired it with squeak playback against unpaired control conditions. Although all animals later showed fear responses to squeak playbacks, these were weaker than following typical pre-exposure (Experiment 1) and not stronger following paired than unpaired pre-exposure. Experiment 1 thus demonstrates the relevance of audible pain squeaks in the transmission of distress but Experiment 2 and 3 highlight the difficulty to test auto-conditioning: stimuli weak enough to decouple pain experience from hearing self-emitted squeaks are too weak to trigger the experience-dependent increase in fear transmission that we aimed to study. Although our results do not contradict the auto-conditioning hypothesis, they fail to disentangle it from sensitization effects. Future studies could temporarily deafen animals during pre-exposure to further test this hypothesis.</p