Pengaruh Mutagen Etil Metan Sulfonat (Ems) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kultur in Vitro Iles-iles {Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume) [Effects of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate {Ems} on Growth of I Iies-lies (Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume) in Vitro Cultures]

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Araceae) is one of 27 Amorphophallus species occur wild in Indonesia (Sumatera, Java, Floresand Timor). The species is valued for its glucoman content for use in food industry (heathy diet food), paper industry, pharmacyand cosmetics. The cultivation of A. muelleri is hampered by limited genetic quality of seed. The species is triploid (2n=3x=39),the seed is developed apomictically. and pollen production is low. The species is only propagated vegetatively. This may explainthat the species is difficult to breed conventionally and genetic variabillity in the exiting landaraces cultivars is rather limited.Induced mutation using ethyl methan sulfonate is one of techniques to increase genetic variation. The present research is aimed todetermine Lethal Dosage (LD) 50% and 75% of EMS and to study effects of EMS on growth of A, muelleri in vitro cultures for usein induced mutation program. Results of the experiment showed that LD-50 and LD-75 was observed at 0.875% EMS and 0.5%EMS. respectively. Number of shoot, and percentage of rooting culture were decreasing as EMS level concentration increases

Additional file 1: of Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008–2011

Figure S1. Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of the N gene sequence of measles virus in the Philippines using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. X-axis represents the year of virus detection or isolation. Samples that were detected in 2008 are indicated by blue font color; 2009 (green); 2010 (orange); and 2011 (red). Genotype D9 MeVs are highlighted in blue box and genotype G3 viruses are highlighted in green box. Figures near the tree nodes represent posterior probability values. The scale bar represents nucleotide substitutions per site per year

Locations of the 3 sentinel sites in the Eastern Visayas region, the Philippines.

<p>Map source; DIVA-GIS website (<a href="http://www.diva-gis.org/gdata" target="_blank">http://www.diva-gis.org/gdata</a>).</p

Frequencies of clinical manifestations presented among cases aged up to 15 years.

<p>Abbreviations: RN, runny nose; ST, sore throat; DB, difficulty in breathing; CI, chest indrawing, hMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.</p

Viral etiology for influenza-like illness (ILI) cases from 2010 to 2013.

<p>* In 2013, samples were collected until March.</p><p>Abbreviations: RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HRV, human rhinovirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus.</p><p>Viral etiology for influenza-like illness (ILI) cases from 2010 to 2013.</p

A–C Weekly number of influenza-like illness (ILI) (A), and weekly proportions of influenza positives (B), and virus positives other than influenza (C) from 2010 to 2013.

<p>Abbreviations: RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HRV, human rhinovirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus</p

Viral loads in coughs of influenza patients.

<p>Cough samples were collected from individual patients and subjected to viral quantification. The viral load/cough was plotted on the ordinate along with days of illness during sample collection on the abscissa. The onset day of any influenza symptom was defined as day 1. Viral subtypes are presented using different symbols: open circle, closed circle, and open triangle represent infections with A(H1), A(H3), and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, respectively. Daggers indicate cases in which the active virus was detected using a conventional plaque assay.</p

Viral loads in coughs of unvaccinated influenza patients.

<p>Data from days 2 and 3 of symptom onset were plotted together in respect to the status of receiving antiviral treatment, including treatment time before cough collection. The open circle, closed circle, and closed triangle represent subjects untreated, and treated with oseltamivir or zanamivir, respectively. Viruses isolated in oseltamivir-treated cases were all subtype A(H1), which is considered to be oseltamivir-resistant.</p

Viral loads in coughs of vaccinated and unvaccinated influenza patients.

<p>Viral loads were plotted against vaccination status. Data from days 2 and 3 of cases infected with A(H1) or A(H3) virus are shown together. Viral loads in coughs of antiviral-untreated influenza patients (A) and those of all cases including antiviral-treated cases (B). Open and closed circles represent unvaccinated and vaccinated cases, respectively.</p

A schematic diagram of simulation experiments to collect biomist particles.

<p>Settings for the experiments to simulate biomist collection from coughs to estimate the viral recovery rate of this system. Control experiments with mist particles generated from a nebulizer were drawn directly into the gelatin filter membrane, with or without a hollow paper tube to guide the mist to the membrane (A), and the collection of the particles through the cone-shaped device to guide particles expelled through a cough (B).</p