60 research outputs found
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ã®ãã³ã®ã³ã®ã²ãã DNAã«ã¯å€§ããªéãããªãå¯èœæ§ãèããããããŸããã±ãŒããã³ã®ã³ã®æ žååæã§ã¯2nïŒ76ã§ãããšæšå®ãããæè²äœã¬ãã«ã§ã®ç¹åŸŽãåããŠç€ºããããThe African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), which is endemic to southern Africa, is one of the world\u27s most endangered seabirds. While wild African penguin populations continue to decrease, properly maintained captive populations are steadily increasing each year. To avoid close inbreeding and to maintain genetic diversity, the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums keeps studbooks, which it uses to promote long-term breeding plans. However, genetic data have not been collected on either wild or captive African penguins in Japan to date.This study addresses the genetic characterization of captive African penguins in Japan, and is organized into four chapters. The first and second chapters describe the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among African penguins based on mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. The third chapter characterizes DNA markers isolated from African penguins. The fourth chapter includes an analysis of the karyotype and nucleolus organizer region of the African penguin. Chapter 1 Mitochondrial DNA analysis of captive African penguins in Japan According to the 2011 Japanese regional studbook for the African penguin, they were first introduced to Japan in 1935, and 156 additional founders were introduced from 1973 to 2011. The captive African penguin populations in Japan comprise 485 individuals belonging to an estimated 87 different founder lineages. In this study, 236 African penguin samples derived from 62 founder lineages were analyzed based on two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions. 1) Analysis of the control region Multiple sequence alignments of the 433-bp partial control region showed 39 polymorphic sites and a total of 30 distinct haplotypes. Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic analysis using the sequences revealed that the captive African penguins clustered into two clades (A and B) supported by high bootstrap values. The divergence between African penguin clades A and B (d = 3.39%) observed in the present study may reflect geographical isolation, the existence of undefined subspecies, or both, although it must be noted that our data focused on captive-bred individuals.2) Analysis of the cytochrome b gene The complete 1140-bp sequence of the cytochrome b gene was obtained from 54 captive African penguins in Japan. We detected 8 haplotypes defined by 11 variable sites. NJ phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b sequences identified two clades similar to those observed using the control region. These mtDNA analyses suggest that captive African penguins in Japan are derived from two distinct maternal lines.Chapter 2 Genetic population structure of captive African penguins in Japan based on microsatellite DNA analysis Eight microsatellite loci (Sh1Ca12, Sh1Ca16, Sh2Ca21, PNN01, PNN03, PNN06, PNN09, and PNN12) were examined to estimate the genetic variability and relationships among 178 captive African penguins derived from 58 founder lineages. Deviation from HardyâWeinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were not observed for any of the markers. Mean HE (expected heterozygosity) and HO (observed heterozygosity) values ranged from 0.45 to 0.72 and from 0.45 to 0.71, respectively. These heterozygosity values for captive African penguins were higher than those of a previously described wild population of yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes). A Bayesian clustering method was used to characterize genetic differentiation among populations, and three subpopulations of captive African penguins were inferred.Chapter 3 Isolation and characterization of novel DNA markers from the African penguin Four methods were used to isolate genetic markers specific to the African penguin.1) Isolation of a satellite DNA fragmentA 190-bp satellite DNA fragment (a type of repetitive DNA) was isolated by digesting African penguin genomic DNA with the resection enzyme BmeT110. PCR analysis with newly designed primers based on the sequence showed that the repetitive DNA sequence was shared among spheniscid species. Southern blot hybridization analysis was performed using the satellite DNA fragment as a probe. Hybridization with genomic DNA from the African penguin, Magellanic penguin, and Humboldt penguin, which all belong to genus Spheniscus, generated ladder signals of tandem repeats, whereas non-tandem repetitive signals were found in genera Pygoscelis and Aptenodytes.2) DNA markers obtained by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR techniques were used to identify a 778-bp band that differentiates the African penguin from the Humboldt penguin in addition to several common bands. Cloning and sequence analysis of the unique band and band-specific PCR analysis showed that the fragment was common to spheniscid species.3) DNA markers obtained by mini/microsatellite-associated sequence amplification analysis Mini/microsatellite-associated sequence amplification (MASA) techniques were used to generate a prominent 540-bp band that differentiates the African penguin from the Humboldt penguin. Cloning and sequence analysis of the unique band, and subsequent band-specific PCR analysis showed that this fragment distinguished genera Aptenodytes and Pygoscelis from genera Spheniscus and Eudyptes.4) Representational difference analysis Three series of representational difference analysis were performed using a combination of African penguin amplicons as testers and Gentoo penguin amplicons as drivers. One informative polymorphic marker, present exclusively in Spheniscus and Eudyptes, was obtained. No polymorphic DNA fragments were isolated when amplicons prepared from the Humboldt penguin were subtracted from those prepared from the African penguin.Chapter 4 Karyotype of the African penguin The African penguin karyotype was analyzed. To obtain metaphases, the direct culture technique was used for peripheral blood lymphocytes. The chromosome number of the diploid African penguin was, for the first time, determined to be 76 (2n = 76), where 7 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes were considered macrochromosomes, and the remaining 30 pairs (60 chromosomes) were microchromosomes. According to several previous studies, the diploid chromosomal numbers of the Magellanic penguin and the Humboldt penguin were 68 and 78, respectively. While the number of macrochromosomes was constant among species of genus Spheniscus, the number of microchromosomes varied. Taken together, we demonstrated the existence of two divergent clades of captive African penguins with moderate genetic distance based on mtDNA sequence analyses. Next, we showed three different subpopulations within the African penguin. The population of captive African penguins in Japan was derived from multiple genetic origins, resulting in genetic diversity. Moreover, we isolated DNA markers shared among family Spheniscidae, but did not detect genetic markers specific to the African penguins. This finding suggests that penguin species in Spheniscus, including the African penguin, have a high level of genetic homogeneity. In addition, the African penguin karyotype was determined for the first time. These molecular analyses should be useful to Japanese zoos and aquariums for future management decisions and the implementation of breeding programs.å士(ç£å»åŠ)麻åžå€§
Candida albicans
Genotypes of Candida spp. isolated from exhalation of 20 dolphins, 11 water samples from captive pools, and 24 oral cavities of staff members in an aquarium using a combination of multiple drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 5.8s-ITS 2 regions of ribosomal RNA gene (ITS rDNA) sequences were studied. The holding ratios of the dolphins, captive pools, and staff members were 70, 90, and 29%, respectively. Isolated pathogenic yeast species common to the dolphins and environments were Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. Identical genotypes in both Candida spp. based on the combination of MDR1 and ITSrDNA were found in some dolphins, between a dolphin and a staff, among dolphins and environments, and among environments. The results indicated the diffusion and exchange of pathogenic yeasts at the aquarium among dolphins and environments. The isolates at the aquarium showed higher rates of resistance to azole antifungals compared to reference isolates
Superficial Depressed Type (IIc) Early Cancer of the Colon : Report of Two Cases
Two cases of superficial depressed type (IIc) early cancer of the colon are reported. Case 1 was a 65-year-old male and case 2 a 69-year old male. The lesion was located in the descending colon in both cases, and was removed by strip biopsy endoscopically in the former and surgically in the latter. The size of the lesion after resection was 6 mm in case 1 and 5 mm in case 2. Histopathologically, both cases were well differentiated adenocarcinoma without adenomatous components, and carcinoma developed de novo by submucosal (sm) invasion. As to the immunohistochemical staining of the cancer tissue by tumor associated antigen, case 1 showed a strong expression of carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) and partial expression of sialyl Lewisx, and case 2 showed expressions of both CEA and sialyl Lewisx . The nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry was aneuploid only in case 1. Thus, although the two cases were morphologically the same IIc type cancer, the process of carcinogenesis and secondary phenomena varied
ãã€ã¯ããµãã©ã€ãããã³ã»ããããã¢ãã ã¯ãããã³ããããšãã¥ãŒãã·ãšãŠãã·ã¥ãŠãã³ããããªã±ã«ãã€ãã³ãããã¿ãšãŠã
ãšãã¥ãŒïŒDromaius novaehollandiaeïŒã¯é£èïŒåµããã³ãªã€ã«ãçç£ããæ°èŠåç©è³æºãšãªãããšãæåŸ
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ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã§æ倧èŠæš¡ãšãªãåæµ·é網走åžã®ãšãã¥ãŒç§å Žã®åäœçŸ€ã察象ãšããŠãã€ã¯ããµãã©ã€ã解æã«åºã¥ãéºäŒçå€æ§åºŠãçµå¹Žçã«èª¿æ»ãããæ€åºãããã¢ã¬ã«ã®æ°ïŒNAïŒã¯2013ïŒ2014ïŒ2015ããã³2016幎ã§ãããã4.83ïŒ4.17ïŒ4.17ããã³7.17ã§ããïŒãããæ¥åçïŒHE/HOïŒã¯ãããã0.466/0.339ïŒ0.426/0.325ïŒ0.433/0.384ããã³0.550/0.347ã§ãã£ããè¿äº€ä¿æ°ïŒFISïŒã¯èª¿æ»ãããã¹ãŠã®äžä»£ã«ãããŠæ£ã®å€ã瀺ãïŒ2016幎ã«åµåããåäœã§ã¯0.369ãšæãé«ãå€ã芳å¯ããããStructureããã°ã©ã ãçšãã解æã§ã¯ïŒæ¬éå£ã¯3ã€ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã«åããïŒ2016幎ã«åµåããåäœçŸ€ã¯æããã«ä»ã®äžä»£ãšã¯ç°ãªãéºäŒçæ§æã瀺ããããŸãã¢ã¬ã«å
±æçã«åºã¥ã系統暹ã¯5ã€ã®ã¯ã¬ãŒãã瀺ãïŒ2016幎ã«åµåããåäœã®çŽåæ°ã¯äžã€ã®ã¯ã¬ãŒãã«å±ãããæ¬ç 究ã¯ïŒç¶²èµ°åžã®ãšãã¥ãŒéå£ã¯éºäŒçå€æ§åºŠãäœãããšïŒéºäŒçã«3ïŒ5ã®ç°ãªã系統ããæ§æãããããšïŒãªãã³ã«2016幎ã«åµåããåäœã®éºäŒçæ§æãä»ã®äžä»£ãšã¯ç°ãªãããšã確èªãããThe emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is predicted to be a new livestock animal for oil, meat and egg production. However, the genetic structure of emu populations in Japanese farms is scarcely known. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and population structure in the largest emu farm in Japan. We collected feather pulps of emu chicks (NïŒ131) from 40, 20, 23, and 48 individuals hatched at 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively, in the Okhotsk Emu farm in Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure of this farmed emu population. The number of alleles (NA) were 4.83, 4.17, 4.17, and 7.17, in individuals hatched in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Expected and observed heterozygosity (HE ; HO, respectively) was 0.466/0.339, 0.426/0.325, 0.433/0.384, and 0.550/0.347, in each year, respectively. A high inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was observed in all tested generations (0.113-0.369). The Structure program and unrooted phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the Abashiri emu population is largely divided into three to five different clades. Our results suggested that the genetic diversity in the Abashiri emu population is low, and that it contains three to five genetic lineages. These data may help guide a more sustainable breeding of emus in Japan
EGUIDE project and treatment guidelines
Background
Clinical practice guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder have been published. However, these have not had sufficient penetration in clinical settings. We developed the Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in Psychiatric Treatment (EGUIDE) project as a dissemination and education programme for psychiatrists.
Aims
The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the EGUIDE project on the subjective clinical behaviour of psychiatrists in accordance with clinical practice guidelines before and 1 and 2 years after participation in the programmes.
Method
A total of 607 psychiatrists participated in this study during October 2016 and March 2019. They attended both 1-day educational programmes based on the clinical practice guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and answered web questionnaires about their clinical behaviours before and 1 and 2 years after attending the programmes. We evaluated the changes in clinical behaviours in accordance with the clinical practice guidelines between before and 2 years after the programme.
Results
All of the scores for clinical behaviours in accordance with clinical practice guidelines were significantly improved after 1 and 2 years compared with before attending the programmes. There were no significant changes in any of the scores between 1 and 2 years after attending.
Conclusions
All clinical behaviours in accordance with clinical practice guidelines improved after attending the EGUIDE programme, and were maintained for at least 2 years. The EGUIDE project could contribute to improved guideline-based clinical behaviour among psychiatrists
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