Should Inmates Be Running the Jailhouse: Affirming the Constitutionality of Enhanced Archivist Involvement in White House Record-Keeping Policymaking

This Comment argues that tasking the Archivist of the United States with promulgating electronic record-keeping guidelines and certifying presidential compliance is constitutional because the President’s ability to perform his or her constitutional functions will not be impaired and, additionally, because Congress has constitutional authority to promote the important objective of retaining presidential records.11 Part I examines the laws and jurisprudence that have culminated in public ownership of presidential records. Part II discusses the Bush Administration’s record-keeping problems, the indirect way the United States Congress learned of the problems, and the subsequent legislative response—the Electronic Message Preservation Act (EMPA). Finally, Part III argues that the Bush Administration’s constitutional argument against the EMPA was specious

High prevalence of weight gain in childhood brain tumor survivors and its association with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction

PURPOSE Childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS) are at risk for developing obesity, which negatively influences cardiometabolic health. The prevalence of obesity in CBTS may have been overestimated in previous cohorts because of inclusion of children with craniopharyngioma. On the contrary, the degree of weight gain may have been underestimated because of exclusion of CBTS who experienced weight gain, but were neither overweight nor obese. Weight gain may be an indicator of underlying hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction. We aimed to study prevalence of and risk factors for significant weight gain, overweight, or obesity, and its association with HP dysfunction in a national cohort of noncraniopharyngioma and nonpituitary CBTS.METHODS Prevalence of and risk factors for significant weight gain (body mass index [BMI] change >= +2.0 standard deviation score [SDS]), overweight, or obesity at follow-up, and its association with HP dysfunction were studied in a nationwide cohort of CBTS, diagnosed in a 10-year period (2002-2012), excluding all craniopharyngioma and pituitary tumors.RESULTS Of 661 CBTS, with a median age at follow-up of 7.3 years, 33.1% had significant weight gain, overweight, or obesity. Of the CBTS between 4 and 20 years of age, 28.7% were overweight or obese, compared with 13.2% of the general population between 4 and 20 years of age. BMI SDS at diagnosis, diagnosis of low-grade glioma, diabetes insipidus, and central precocious puberty were associated with weight gain, overweight, or obesity. The prevalence of HP dysfunction was higher in overweight and obese CTBS compared with normal-weight CBTS.CONCLUSION Overweight, obesity, and significant weight gain are prevalent in CBTS. An increase in BMI during follow-up may be a reflection of HP dysfunction, necessitating more intense endocrine surveillance. (C) 2021 by American Society of Clinical OncologyDevelopment and application of statistical models for medical scientific researc

Should Inmates Be Running the Jailhouse: Affirming the Constitutionality of Enhanced Archivist Involvement in White House Record-Keeping Policymaking

This Comment argues that tasking the Archivist of the United States with promulgating electronic record-keeping guidelines and certifying presidential compliance is constitutional because the President’s ability to perform his or her constitutional functions will not be impaired and, additionally, because Congress has constitutional authority to promote the important objective of retaining presidential records.11 Part I examines the laws and jurisprudence that have culminated in public ownership of presidential records. Part II discusses the Bush Administration’s record-keeping problems, the indirect way the United States Congress learned of the problems, and the subsequent legislative response—the Electronic Message Preservation Act (EMPA). Finally, Part III argues that the Bush Administration’s constitutional argument against the EMPA was specious

Chemotherapy for children with medulloblastoma

BACKGROUND: Post-surgical radiotherapy (RT) in combination with chemotherapy is considered as standard of care for medulloblastoma in children. Chemotherapy has been introduced to improve survival and to reduce RT-induced adverse effects. Reduction of RT-induced adverse effects was achieved by deleting (craniospinal) RT in very young children and by diminishing the dose and field to the craniospinal axis and reducing the boost volume to the tumour bed in older children. OBJECTIVES: Primary objectives: 1. to determine the event-free survival/disease-free survival (EFS/DFS) and overall survival (OS) in children with medulloblastoma receiving chemotherapy as a part of their primary treatment, as compared with children not receiving chemotherapy as part of their primary treatment; 2. to determine EFS/DFS and OS in children with medulloblastoma receiving standard-dose RT without chemotherapy, as compared with children receiving reduced-dose RT with chemotherapy as their primary treatment.Secondary objectives: to determine possible adverse effects of chemotherapy and RT, including long-term adverse effects and effects on quality of life. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2013, Issue 7), MEDLINE/PubMed (1966 to August 2013) and EMBASE/Ovid (1980 to August 2013). In addition, we searched reference lists of relevant articles, conference proceedings and ongoing trial databases (August 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the above treatments in children (aged 0 to 21 years) with medulloblastoma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently performed study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. We performed analyses according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Where possible, we pooled results. MAIN RESULTS: The search identified seven RCTs, including 1080 children, evaluating treatment including chemotherapy and treatment not including chemotherapy. The meta-analysis of EFS/DFS not including disease progression during therapy as an event in the definition showed a difference in favour of treatment including chemotherapy (hazard ratio (HR) 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 0.91; P value = 0.007; 2 studies; 465 children). However, not including disease progression as an event might not be optimal and the finding was not confirmed in the meta-analysis of EFS/DFS including disease progression during therapy as an event in the definition (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.47; P value = 0.93; 2 studies; 300 children). Two individual studies using unclear or other definitions of EFS/DFS also showed no clear evidence of difference between treatment arms (one study with unclear definition of DFS: HR 1.67; 95% CI 0.59 to 4.71; P value = 0.34; 48 children; one study with other definition of EFS: HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.58 to 1.21; P value = 0.34; 233 children). In addition, it should be noted that in one of the studies not including disease progression as an event, the difference in DFS only reached statistical significance while the study was running, but due to late relapses in the chemotherapy arm, this significance was no longer evident with longer follow-up. There was no clear evidence of difference in OS between treatment arms (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.67; P value = 0.80; 4 studies; 332 children). Out of eight reported adverse effects, of which seven were reported in one study, two (severe infections and fever/neutropenia) showed a difference in favour of treatment not including chemotherapy (severe infections: risk ratio (RR) 5.64; 95% CI 1.28 to 24.91; P value = 0.02; fever/neutropenia: RR not calculable; Fisher's exact P value = 0.01). There was no clear evidence of a difference between treatment arms for other adverse effects (acute alopecia: RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.08; P value = 1.00; reduction in intelligence quotient: RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.30; P value = 0.34; secondary malignancies: Fisher's exact P value = 0.5; haematological toxicity: RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.45; P value = 0.22; hepatotoxicity: Fisher's exact P value = 1.00; treatment-related mortality: RR 2.37; 95% CI 0.43 to 12.98; P value = 0.32; 3 studies). Quality of life was not evaluated. In individual studies, the results in subgroups (i.e. younger/older children and high-risk/non-high-risk children) were not univocal.The search found one RCT comparing standard-dose RT with reduced-dose RT plus chemotherapy. There was no clear evidence of a difference in EFS/DFS between groups (HR 1.54; 95% CI 0.81 to 2.94; P value = 0.19; 76 children). The RCT did not evaluate other outcomes and subgroups.The presence of bias could not be ruled out in any of the studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Early Endocrine Disorders in Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors: A Nationwide, Multicenter Study

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of, and risk factors for, early endocrine disorders in childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS). Patients and Methods This nationwide study cohort consisted of 718 CBTS who were diagnosed between 2002 and 2012, and who survived >/= 2 years after diagnosis. Patients with craniopharyngeoma or a pituitary gland tumor were excluded. Results of all endocrine investigations, which were performed at diagnosis and during follow-up, were collected from patient charts. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study associations between demographic and tumor- and treatment-related variables and the prevalence of early endocrine disorders. Results After a median follow-up of 6.6 years, 178 CBTS (24.8%) were diagnosed with an endocrine disorder. A total of 159 CBTS (22.1%) presented with at least one endocrine disorder within the first 5 years after diagnosis. The most common endocrine disorders were growth hormone deficiency (12.5%), precocious puberty (12.2%), thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency (9.2%), and thyroidal hypothyroidism (5.8%). The risk of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction (n = 138) was associated with radiotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 15.74; 95% CI, 8.72 to 28.42), younger age at diagnosis (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.14), advanced follow-up time (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.18), hydrocephalus at diagnosis (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.88), and suprasellar (OR, 34.18; 95% CI, 14.74 to 79.29) and infratentorial (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.48 to 4.74) tumor site. Conclusion The prevalence of early endocrine disorders among CBTS is high. The observation that 22.1% of CBTS developed at least one endocrine disorder within the first 5 years after diagnosis stresses the importance of early and regular assessment of endocrine function in CBTS who are at risk for endocrine damage