Mean numbers of correctly identified expressions for each of the six basic emotions for participants in each group for Study 1 (mean ± SD).

<p>Mean numbers of correctly identified expressions for each of the six basic emotions for participants in each group for Study 1 (mean ± SD).</p

Examples of images displaying the ranked faces morphed between a neutral and a fearful expression.

<p>Faces shown contain 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% fear (images adapted from Fiorentini and Viviani [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131604#pone.0131604.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131604#pone.0131604.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>]). Reprinted from Fiorentini and Viviani [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131604#pone.0131604.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>] under a CC BY license, with permission from C Fiorentini, original copyright 2011.</p

Demographic information regarding participants in each group.

<p>Values for age show mean ± SD.</p><p>Demographic information regarding participants in each group.</p

Examples of the psychometric functions produced from participants possessing the A or G allele at SNP rs7055196 when investigating fear recognition using faces morphed between fearful and neutral expressions.

<p>The function displays the number of times the participant judged the expression of each of the ranked faces containing varying proportions of fearful and neutral expressions to look more similar to the fearful expression compared to the neutral expression (maximum 10). From this function we calculated the PSE, which is equal to the percentage of fear in the face when expression recognition is at chance level and the frequency of selecting the expression to be fearful equals 5 (the dotted line represents the PSE for the male possessing the A allele). We also calculated the JND, which is equal to the increase in percentage of fearful expression in the face necessary for the number of times the participant judges the expression to look more like the fearful expression than the neutral expression to increase by one. The JND therefore represents the sensitivity of recognition between the two expressions and is calculated from the inverse gradient of the slope; a less steep slope and higher JND value suggest poorer sensitivity of fear recognition.</p

Scores on the WASI and the AQ for each group.

<p>Values show mean ± SD.</p><p>Scores on the WASI and the AQ for each group.</p

Cognitive outcome and its neural correlates after cardiorespiratory arrest in childhood

Hypoxia‐ischaemia (HI) can result in structural brain abnormalities, which in turn can lead to behavioural deficits in various cognitive and motor domains, in both adult and paediatric populations. Cardiorespiratory arrest (CA) is a major cause of hypoxia‐ischaemia in adults, but it is relatively rare in infants and children. While the effects of adult CA on brain and cognition have been widely studied, to date, there are no studies examining the neurodevelopmental outcome of children who suffered CA early in life. Here, we studied the long‐term outcome of 28 children who suffered early CA (i.e., before age 16). They were compared to a group of control participants (n = 28) matched for age, sex and socio‐economic status. The patient group had impairments in the domains of memory, language and academic attainment (measured using standardised tests). Individual scores within the impaired range were most commonly found within the memory domain (79%), followed by academic attainment (50%), and language (36%). The patient group also had reduced whole brain grey matter volume, and reduced volume and fractional anisotropy of the white matter. In addition, lower performance on memory tests was correlated with bilaterally reduced volume of the hippocampi, thalami, and striatum, while lower attainment scores were correlated with bilateral reduction of fractional anisotropy in the superior cerebellar peduncle, the main output tract of the cerebellum. We conclude that patients who suffered early CA are at risk of developing specific cognitive deficits associated with structural brain abnormalities.Research Highlights Our data shed light on the long‐term outcome and associated neural mechanisms after paediatric hypoxia‐ischaemia as a result of cardiorespiratory arrest. Patients had impaired scores on memory, language and academic attainment. Memory impairments were associated with smaller hippocampi, thalami, and striatum. Lower academic attainment correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle.</p