Mean (<i>SD</i>) gambling variables at baseline, three-, six-month, and 12-month follow-up by study condition (n = 209).

a<p>Participants in waiting list control group sent full normative feedback intervention after 6-month follow-up.</p><p>T = Main effect of time of follow-up, <i>p</i><.02. T X I = Interaction between time of follow-up and intervention condition, <i>p</i><.02.</p

Attrition analysis for potential respondents screened out prior to consent (n = 766).

<p>N.S. = Not significant, <i>p</i>>.05.</p>a<p>PGSI is the problem gambling severity index. Only participants with scores of 3 or more, indicating current hazardous gambling were included in the attrition analyses.</p

Mean (<i>SD</i>) perceptions of other's gambling variables at six-month, and 12-month follow-up by study condition (n = 87).

a<p>Participants in waiting list control group sent full feedback intervention after 6-month follow-up.</p><p>T X I = Interaction between time of follow-up and intervention condition, <i>p</i> = .05.</p><p>T = Main effect of time, <i>p</i><.03.</p

Comparison of participants with at least one follow-up completed (n = 176) to those who did not complete at least one follow-up (n = 33).

<p>N.S. = Not significant, <i>p</i>>.05.</p>a<p>PGSI is the problem gambling severity index. Only participants with scores of 3 or more, indicating current hazardous gambling were included in the attrition analyses.</p

Restriction of dietary protein leads to conditioned protein preference and elevated palatability of protein-containing food in rats

The mechanisms by which intake of dietary protein is regulated are poorly understood despite their potential involvement in determining food choice and appetite. In particular, it is unclear whether protein deficiency results in a specific appetite for protein and whether influences on diet are immediate or develop over time. To determine the effects of protein restriction on consumption, preference, and palatability for protein we assessed patterns of intake for casein (protein) and maltodextrin (carbohydrate) solutions in adult rats. To induce a state of protein restriction, rats were maintained on a low protein diet (5% casein) and compared to control rats on non-restricted diet (20% casein). Under these dietary conditions, relative to control rats, protein-restricted rats exhibited hyperphagia without weight gain. After two weeks, on alternate conditioning days, rats were given access to either isocaloric casein or maltodextrin solutions that were saccharin-sweetened and distinctly flavored whilst consumption and licking patterns were recorded. This allowed rats to learn about the post-ingestive nutritional consequences of the two different solutions. Subsequently, during a preference test when rats had access to both solutions, we found that protein-restricted rats exhibited a preference for casein over carbohydrate whereas non-restricted rats did not. Analysis of lick microstructure revealed that this preference was associated with an increase in cluster size and number, reflective of an increase in palatability. In conclusion, protein-restriction induced a conditioned preference for protein, relative to carbohydrate, and this was associated with increased palatability

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Spatio-temporal profile, phenotypic diversity, and fate of recruited monocytes into the post-ischemic brain

CX3CR1GFP/+ Mo/MΦ do not differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Staining for NeuN (A), GFAP (B), and Olig2 (C) shows that infiltrating CX3CR1GFP/+ cells in the peri-infarct or core of the ischemic hemisphere do not co-localize with neuronal, astrocytic, or oligodendrocyte markers 14 days after MCAo, respectively. Additionally, while CX3CR1GFP/+ cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes vastly populate the ischemic core neurons were only present in the peri-infarct (A–C, right below panels). Scale bars represent 50 μm. (PDF 3837 kb