“All hayll, all hayll, both blithe and glad” : Direct Address in Early English Drama, 1400-1585

Now will I praise those godly men, our ancestors, each in his own time... All these were glorious in their time, each illustrious in his day. Some of them have left behind a name and men recount their praiseworthy deeds (Sirach 44: I. 7-8) Direct address is widely acknowledged as a fundamental technique in early English, particularly medieval, drama. The observation that early English drama does not have the convention of the ‘fourth wall,’ and frequently speaks directly to and interacts with the audience would not be news to scholars o f this drama; many have mentioned it. A.R. Braunmuller, for instance, in 1990, says that “[s]uch later-Tudor Vices as Ambidexter (Cambises) or Revenge (Horestes) continue the medieval drama’s easy familiarity with the audience. Directly addressing the spectators or commenting ‘aside’ to them, these characters elide or obscure the differences between play and spectator” (83). Meg Twycross, in 1994, notes the preponderance of direct address in medieval plays, saying, “The true amount of direct address in these plays becomes apparent only when they are performed” (55). Suzanne Westfall, in 1997, comments that “early modem theater is full of what modem readers would consider breaches of fourth wall in the form of prologues and epilogues, verse designed to contact the audience directly with recommendation for their behavior, pleas for applause and reward, and straightforward flattery” (53). The sources in which these comments appear — The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre, A New History of Earlv English Drama, and The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama — demonstrate how accepted these ideas are among scholars of early English drama; edgy or highly controversial suggestions, areas of intense scholarly debate, do not tend to make it into the introductory guidebooks that we construct for our fields. The position of direct address as a foundational, widely used technique in early English drama is solid, perhaps as firmly in place as an assumption of our scholarship as it was in the dramaturgy in which it figures so prominently. Since the understanding that direct address is a fundamental technique in early English dramaturgy is widely held, it is therefore surprising that almost no scholarship exists that focuses upon direct address. Doris Fenton’s 1930 study, The Extra-Dramatic Moment in Elizabethan Plavs Before 1616, is the sole full-length consideration of this issue. Even if this study were thoroughly brilliant and pretematurally insightful about the uses of direct address, given how much we have learned about early drama since its publication, the time would assuredly be ripe for a reconsideration of its conclusions. As it is. Fenton\u27s consideration of direct address is disappointing in several ways. It focuses largely upon Elizabethan plays, providing only a cursory examination of medieval and Tudor plays, while nearly all contemporary scholars would agree that direct address is far more common in the earlier drama. In addition, Fenton’s analysis is solely formalistic. She describes and categorizes the purposes for which direct address can be used, but provides no further analysis. Moreover, the conceptual understanding o f direct address underlying her study — that direct address is by definition ‘extra-dramatic’ — is problematic; as we now know, there is no reason to assume that early English drama conceived of direct address as something that occurs ‘outside’ the normal drama. As David Klausner has noted, “This [characterization of direct address as extra-dramatic] can now be seen as a gross oversimplification of a device which both implies and provokes a considerable range of relationships between actor and audience” (2). Demonstrably problematic in concept, and analytically challenged in scope, Fenton’s study nonetheless has remained the last word on direct address for over seventy years. While Fenton’s is the only study that focuses upon direct address, other scholars consider direct address in some detail as a secondary focus, because their central topic of study is closely related to direct address; discussions of soliloquy, interaction with the audience, and improvisation all tend to contain some contemplation of direct address. Thus Neil Carson in “The Elizabethan Soliloquy — Direct Address or Monologue,” from 1976, focuses upon soliloquy, as one would expect, but considers as well the related issue of direct address. In her 1978 dissertation, “Soliloquies, Asides, and Audience in English Renaissance Drama,” Margaret Coleman Gingrich similarly focuses upon techniques related to direct address and considers direct address as it intersects with those issues, as does Lloyd A. Skiffington in his The History of the English Soliloquy from 1985. Likewise, in Themes and Conventions of Elizabethan Tragedy, from 1935, M.C. Bradbrook considers speech conventions, including soliloquies and asides, and, relatedly, direct address; since she considers soliloquies and asides as direct address, the connection here is quite close. In his 1966 dissertation, “The Comic Turn in English Drama, 1470-1616,” J.A.B Somerset includes a chapter on direct address. In his recent (2003) article “The Improvising Vice in Renaissance England,” David Kiausner touches upon direct address for its connection to improvisation. Other studies of Elizabethan soliloquies and asides, such as that found in Bernard Beckerman’s Shakespeare at the Globe (1962), tend to mention direct address largely to downplay the possibility that many soliloquies and asides could have been directed to the audience. However, even when we include the material in which direct address is considered as a secondary focus, the scholarship on this subject remains painfully thin

07. “All hayll, all hayll, both blithe and glad” : Direct Address in Early English Drama, 1400-1585

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Distance Dependence of Nonadiabaticity in the Branching Between C–Br and C–Cl Bond Fission Following 1[n(O),π∗(C=O)] Excitation in Bromopropionyl Chloride

These experiments on bromopropionyl chloride investigate a system in which the barrier to C-Br fission on the lowest 1A\u27\u27 potential energy surface is formed from a weakly avoided electronic configuration crossing, so that nonadiabatic recrossing of the barrier to C-Br fission dramatically reduces the branching to C-Br fission. The results, when compared with earlier branching ratio measurements on bromoacetyl chloride, show that the additional intervening CH2 spacer in bromopropionyl chloride reduces the splitting between the adiabatic potential energy surfaces at the barrier to C-Br fission, further suppressing C-Br fission by over an order of magnitude. The experiment measures the photofragment velocity and angular distributions from the 248 nm photodissociation of Br (CH2)2COCl, determining the branching ratio between the competing primary C-Br and C-Cl fission pathways and detecting a minor C-C bond fission pathway. While the primary C-Cl:C-Br fission branching ratio is 1:2, the distribution of relative kinetic energies impar-ted to the C-Br fission fragments show that essentially no C-Br fission results from promoting the molecule to the lowest 1A\u27\u27 potential energy surface via the 1[n(O),pi*(C-O)] transition; C-Br fission only results from an overlapping electronic transition. The results differ markedly from the predictions of statistical transition state theories which rely on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. While such models predict that, given comparable preexponential factors, the reaction pathway with the lowest energetic barrier on the 1A\u27\u27 surface, C-Br fission, should dominate, the experimental measurements show C-Cl bond fission dominates by a ratio of C-Cl:C-Br=1.0: \u3c0.05 upon excitation of the 1[n(O),pi*(C=O)] transition. We compare this result to earlier work on bromoacetyl chloride, which evidences a less dramatic reduction in the C-Br fission pathway (C-Cl:C-Br = 1.0:0.4) upon excitation of the same transition. We discuss a model in which increasing the distance between the C-Br and C=O chromophores decreases the electronic configuration interaction matrix elements which mix and split the 1n(O)pi*(C=O) and np(Br)sigma*(C-Br) configurations at the barrier to C-Br bond fission in bromopropionyl chloride. The smaller splitting between the adiabats at the barrier to C-Br fission increases the probability of nonadiabatic recrossing of the barrier, nearly completely suppressing C-Br bond fission in bromopropionyl chloride. Preliminary ah initio calculations of the adiabatic barrier heights and the electronic configuration interaction matrix elements which split the adiabats at the barrier to C-Br and C-Cl fission in both bromopropionyl chloride and bromoacetyl chloride support the interpretation of the experimental results. We end by identifying a class of reactions, those allowed by overall electronic symmetry but Woodward-Hoffmann forbidden, in which nonadiabatic recrossing of the reaction barrier should markedly reduce the rate constant, both for ground state and excited state surfaces

Competing C–Br and C–C Bond Fission Following 1[n(O),π∗(C=O)] Excitation in Bromoacetone: Conformation Dependence of Nonadiabaticity at a Conical Intersection

These experiments investigate the competition between C-C and C-Br bond fission in bromoacetone excited in the (1)[n(O),pi(*)(C=O)] absorption, elucidating the role of molecular conformation in influencing the probability of adiabatically traversing the conical intersection along the C-C fission reaction coordinate. In the first part of the paper, measurement of the photofragment velocity and angular distributions with a crossed laser-molecular beam time-of-flight technique identifies the primary photofragmentation channels at 308 nm. The time-of-flight spectra evidence two dissociation channels, C-Br fission and fission of one of the two C-C bonds, BrH2C-COCH3. The distribution of relative kinetic energies imparted to the C-Br fission and C-C fission fragments show dissociation is not occurring via internal conversion to the ground electronic state and allow us to identify these channels in the closely related systems of bromoacetyl- and bromopropionyl chloride. In the second part of the work we focus on the marked conformation dependence to the branching between C-C fission and C-Br fission. Photofragment angular distribution measurements show that C-Br fission occurs primarily from the minor, anti, conformer, giving a beta of 0.8, so C-C fission must dominate the competition in the gauche conformer. Noting that the dynamics of these two bond fission pathways are expected to be strongly influenced by nonadiabatic recrossing of the reaction barriers, we investigate the possible mechanisms for the conformation dependence of the nonadiabatic recrossing with low-level ab initio electronic structure calculations on the C-Br reaction coordinate and qualitative consideration of the conical intersection along the C-C reaction coordinate. The resulting model proposes that C-C bond fission,cannot compete with C-Br fission in the anti conformer because the dissociation samples regions of the phase space near the conical intersection along the CC fission reaction coordinate, where nonadiabaticity inhibits C-C fission, while from the gauche conformer C-C fission can proceed more adiabatically and dominate C-Br fission. A final experiment confirms that the branching ratio changes with the relative conformer populations in accord with this model

Land Use Planning & Historic Preservation Property Assessment Tool in New Orleans: The Algiers Main Street Demonstration Project

Service-learning is a critical component of the student-centered education model at the University of New Orleans (UNO). For students to apply their knowledge activities within, classes are developed to provide technical service and experiential knowledge for community organizations. In the fall of 2017 students in the MURP 4050/5050 “Urban Land Use Planning & Plan Making” course combined their recently acquired knowledge of how policy affects the use of applying new planning tools in practice. Specifically, the course focused on the application of Federal and State policies for identifying and evaluating the significance of properties under Historic Preservation (HP) guidelines. This training was complemented with the WhoData property survey (PS) methodology & image inventory which evaluated the use, condition, location in combination with public data identification sources. In the fall of 2016 an initial field study in the French Quarter consolidated the HP and PS models but not in a consolidated fashion. The Algiers Historic Preservation Assessment & Land Use Planning Survey demonstration project is the first study which integrates the tools and techniques from two fields of study into a single model that can be replicated nationally. The students in MURP 4050/5050 aided in using, evaluating and improving the tools by applying their knowledge to an active project. Initially the demonstration project was aimed at providing the initial documentation and an implementation plan to expand the existing Algiers Historic District. However, the scope of work had to be changed. The ability to create the resources necessary would not be developed properly without additional training by the course team without further training on historic preservation theory and application. As a result, additional teaching resources were obtained which provided guidance on how to conduct historic property research (The New Orleans Historic Collection), conducting HP & LUP surveys in Algiers (Jennie Garcia, MURP ’17) and State/Federal Historic Preservation guidelines (LA State Historic Preservation Office). The students moved to the role of Planning Analyst in order to complete the research and reporting required to complete the preliminary analysis necessary for community organizations, such as the Algiers Main Street Corporation, to consider the benefits of historic district expansion and the cost of developing the documents to do s

Cross sectional survey of human-bat interaction in Australia: public health implications

Background Flying foxes (megachiroptera) and insectivorous microbats (microchiroptera) are the known reservoirs for a range of recently emerged, highly pathogenic viruses. In Australia there is public health concern relating to bats\u27 role as reservoirs of Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV), which has clinical features identical to classical rabies. Three deaths from ABLV have occurred in Australia. A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of bat exposures amongst adults in Australia\u27s most populous state, New South Wales; explore reasons for handling bats; examine reported practices upon encountering injured or trapped bats or experiencing bat bites or scratches; and investigate knowledge of bat handling warnings. Methods A representative sample of 821 New South Wales adults aged 16 years and older were interviewed during May and June 2011, using a computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) method. Frequencies, proportions and statistical differences in proportion were performed. Using an alpha-value of 0.05 and power of 80%, it was calculated that a sample size of 800 was required to provide statistical significance of +/- 5% for dichotomous variables. Results One-hundred-and-twenty-seven (15.5%) respondents indicated that they had previously handled a bat, being 22% (48/218) rural and 13% (78/597) urban respondents (chi2 = 9.8, p = 0.0018). Twenty one percent of males (63/304) had handled bats compared with 12% (64/517) of females (chi2 = 10.2, p = 0.0014). Overall, 42.0% (n = 345) of respondents reported having seen or heard a warning about handling bats. If faced with an injured or trapped bat, 25% (206/821) indicated that they would handle the bat, with 17% (36/206) saying that they would use their bare hands. For minor scratches, 14% (117/821) indicated that they would ignore the injury while four respondents would ignore major scratches or bites. Conclusions Previous human-bat interactions were relatively common. Bat exposures most frequently occurred with sick or injured bats, which have the highest risk of ABLV. On encountering an injured or sick bat, potentially high risk practices were commonly reported, particularly among rural males. It is important to understand why people still handle bats despite public health warnings to inform future communication strategies

Closing the gap in Australian Aboriginal infant immunisation rates - the development and review of a pre-call strategy

Background: Improving timely immunisation is key to closing the inequitable gap in immunisation rates between Aboriginal children and non-Indigenous children. Aboriginal Immunisation Officers were employed in Hunter New England Local Health District (HNELHD), New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to telephone the families of all Aboriginal infants prior to the due date for their first scheduled vaccination. Methods: Aboriginal Immunisation Officers contacted the families of Aboriginal children born in the Hunter New England Local Health District (HNELHD) by telephone before their due immunisation date (pre-call) to provide the rationale for timely immunisation, and to facilitate contact with culturally safe local immunisation services if this was required. The impact of this strategy on immunisation coverage rates is reviewed. Results: For the period March 2010 to September 2014 there was a significant increase in immunisation coverage rate for Aboriginal children at 12 months of age in HNELHD (p < 0.0001). The coverage in the rest of NSW Aboriginal children also increased but not significantly (p = 0.218). Over the full study period there was a significant decrease in the immunisation coverage gap between Aboriginal children and non-Indigenous children in HNELHD (p < 0.0001) and the rest of NSW (p = 0.004). The immunisation coverage gap between Aboriginal and non-Indigenous infants decreased at a significantly faster rate in HNELHD than the rest of NSW (p = 0.0001). By the end of the study period in 2014, immunisation coverage in HNELHD Aboriginal infants had surpassed that of non-Indigenous infants by 0.8 %. Conclusions: The employment of Aboriginal immunisation officers may be associated with closing of the gap between Aboriginal and non-Indigenous infants' immunisation coverage in HNELHD and NSW. The pre-call telephone strategy provided accelerated benefit in closing this gap in HNELHD

Emergence of the arterial worm Elaeophora schneideri in moose (Alces alces) and tabanid fly vectors in northeastern Minnesota, USA

Background Moose (Alces alces) are a culturally and economically valued species in Minnesota. However, the moose population has experienced a sudden, marked decline in their range, including extirpation in the northwest and a 66% decline in the last decade in the northeast portions of the state. Although the exact cause of this decline is unclear, parasitic metastrongylid and filarioid nematode infections are known causes of morbidity and mortality in moose across North America. Methods To determine if these parasitic nematodes could be contributing to the Minnesota moose population decline, we molecularly examined banked tissues obtained from moose that died of known and unknown causes for the presence of nematode DNA. Extracted brain DNA of 34 individual moose was amplified utilizing primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer regions of nematodes. Results DNA sequencing revealed that PCR products obtained from 15 (44.1%) of the moose were 99% identical to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, a metastrongylid known to cause neurological disease and death. Additionally, brain tissue from 20 (58.8%) individuals yielded sequences that most closely aligned with Elaeophora schneideri, a parasite associated with neurological impairment but previously unreported in Minnesota. Setaria yehi, a common filarioid parasite of deer, was also detected in the brain tissue of 5 (14.7%) moose. Molecular screening of 618 captured tabanid flies from four trapping sites revealed E. schneideri was present (6%) in the Minnesota environment and transmission could occur locally. Prevalence rates among the flies ranged between 0–100% per trapping site, with Chrysops spp. and Hybomitra spp. implicated as the vectors. Conclusions Ultimately, these data confirm that P. tenuis is widespread in the Minnesota moose population and raises the question of the significance of E. schneideri as a contributing factor to morbidity and mortality in moose

Long-Term Safety Evaluation of Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Phase 3, Randomized, 52-Week Extension Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term safety and tolerability of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine. BACKGROUND: Ubrogepant is an oral, calcitonin gene-related receptor antagonist in development for the acute treatment of migraine. The efficacy of ubrogepant was demonstrated in 2 phase 3 trials in which a significant improvement was observed in migraine headache pain, migraine-associated symptoms, and ability to function. METHODS: This was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open-label, 52-week extension trial. Adults with migraine with or without aura entered the trial after completing one of 2 phase 3 lead-in trials and were re-randomized 1:1:1 to usual care, ubrogepant 50 mg, or ubrogepant 100 mg. Randomization to ubrogepant dose was blinded. Those randomized to usual care continued to treat migraine attacks with their own medication. The usual care arm was included in this trial to capture background rates of hepatic laboratory parameters and contextualize hepatic safety assessments. Safety and tolerability were the primary outcome measures. The safety population for the ubrogepant arms included all randomized participants who received at least 1 dose of treatment. All cases of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations of ≥3 times the upper limit of normal were adjudicated by an independent panel of liver experts who were blinded to dose. RESULTS: The safety population included 1230 participants (404 in the ubrogepant 50-mg group, 409 in the ubrogepant 100-mg group, and 417 in the usual care group). Participants were on average 42 years of age, 90% (1106/1230) female and 85% (1043/1230) white, with an average BMI of 30 kg/m CONCLUSIONS: Long-term intermittent use of ubrogepant 50 and 100 mg given as 1 or 2 doses per attack for the acute treatment of migraine was safe and well tolerated, as indicated by a low incidence of treatment-related TEAEs and SAEs and discontinuations due to adverse events in this 1-year trial