Il progetto degli impianti MBR: configurazione dei reattori, componenti e particolari costruttivi.

Vengono discussi alcuni aspetti della progettazione degli impianti MBR, come la scelta della configurazione, la scelta delle membrane, delle dotazioni elettromeccaniche e delle opere accessorie degli impianti MBR. Inoltre sono riportati dei cenni sulle soluzioni tecnologiche più innovative atte a minimizzare le disfunzioni dei sistemi MBR e di conseguenza dei costi operativi. La scelta di sistemi con flusso a pistone in impianti MBR ha impatti negativi sia sulla per quanto concerne il fenomeno del foaming che quello del fouling. Per la scelta delle membrane risulta che quelle piane siano utilizzate sia per applicazioni industriali che civili, quasi esclusivamente in impianti a configurazione sommersa a servizio di comunità medio-piccole, mentre quelle a fibre cave sono utilizzate anch’esse in impianti a configurazione sommersa, vengono maggiormente utilizzate per installazioni di grandi dimensioni. Le tipologie di griglie vanno scelte in maniera opportuna in funzione della tipologia di membrana installata. In particolare, i costruttori suggeriscono di adottare una grigliatura grossolana a coclea a monte di quella fine o dell’unità di stacciatura, indicata se sono installate membrane a fibre cave. Come sistema di miscelazione si adottano mixer compatti dotati di anello convogliatore orientati in modo da evitare la formazione di zone morte e di innescare dei moti rotatori che consentono di ottenere un'adeguata miscelazione, contenendo al contempo i costi energetici. Il sistema di aerazione deve avere il duplice ruolo di fornire l'ossigeno necessario alla biomassa per ossidare la sostanza organica e l'azoto ammoniacale, nonché di garantire una sufficiente turbolenza in corrispondenza delle fibre della membrana (scouring) per attenuare il fenomeno del fouling. L'ottimizzazione dei costi di aerazione tuttavia, passa necessariamente anche attraverso la scelta di macchine elettriche altamente efficienti. In particolare alcuni costruttori di membrane suggeriscono l'utilizzo di compressori centrifughi che consentono un maggiore controllo delle portate erogate anche al variare della viscosità della miscela aerata. Nella progettazione dei reattori, si consiglia sempre di prevedere dispositivi di evacuazione superficiale della schiuma, utilizzando stramazzi laterali a livello di sfioro regolabile o mediante inghiottitoi dotati di galleggiante. La scelta di soluzioni tecnologicamente avanzate, quali membrane con flusso elicoidale, i sistemi pulsanti e le membrane rotative, consentono un’efficace minimizzazione del fenomeno del fouling consentendo di ottenere notevoli vantaggi in termini di qualità dell'effluente rispetto ai sistemi convenzionali. La progettazione degli impianti MBR deve essere effettuata attuando delle soluzioni volte alla minimizzazione dei costi, sia di investimento che operativi, attraverso scelte progettuali oculate, che vanno dalla scelta della configurazione dei reattori all'impiantistica di processo

Aerobic Granular Sludge for Leachate Treatment

The treatment of municipal landfill leachate by means of aerobic granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) was investigated. The paper reports the results from an experimental campaign lasted 100 days, which has been divided into three periods: cultivation of granular sludge (70 days), operation with semi-fresh (15 day) and diluted landfill leachate (15 day). Two different GSBR configurations were used: a Sequencing Batch Bubble Column reactor and a Sequencing Batch Airlift Reactor. All reactors were operated at Volume Loading Rates (VLRs) between 4.8 and 7.2 g COD /(m 3 ·d). The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency varied between 80% and 90% under operation with synthetic wastewater feeding. On the other hand, the COD removal performance decreased to 40-50 % with semi-fresh leachate and to 50-60% with diluted leachate. Regarding nitrogen removal, after granules formation, the performance were satisfactory only when the reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater. Contrarily, the obtained results underline that a specific pre-treatment of ammonium must be applied in order to optimize nitrogen removal. However, the observed results indicate that the landfill leachate can be potentially treated in GSBR bioreactors

Simultaneous nitrogen and organic carbon removal in aerobic granular sludge reactors operated with high dissolved oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) together with organic removal in granules is usually carried out without Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration control, at ‘‘low DO’’ (with a DO < 30–50% of the saturation value, about 3–4 mg/L) to promote anoxic conditions within the aggregates. These conditions can sometimes be in detrimental of the stability of the granules itself due to a lack of shear force. In this work, the authors achieved SND without oxygen control with big sized granules. More spe- cifically, the paper presents a experimentation focused on the analysis of two Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs), in bench scale, working with different aerobic sludge granules, in terms of granule size, and high DO concentration, (with concentration varying from anoxic conditions, about DO 0 mg/L, to values close to those of saturation, >7–8 mg/L, during feast and famine conditions respectively). In particular, different strategies of cultivation and several organic and nitrogen loading rate have been applied, in order to eval- uate the efficiencies in SND process without dissolved oxygen control. The results show that, even under conditions of high DO concentration, nitrogen and organic matter can be simultaneously removed, with efficiency >90%. Nevertheless, the biological conditions in the inner layer of the granule may change sig- nificantly between small and big granules, during the feast and famine periods. From point of view of granule stability, it is also interesting that with a particle size greater than 1.5 mm, after the cultivation start-up, the granules are presented stable for a long period (about 100 days) and, despite the variations of operational conditions, the granules breaking was always negligible

Foaming in membrane bioreactors: Identification of the causes

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) represent by now a well established alternative for wastewater treatment. Their increasing development is undoubtedly related to the several advantages that such technology is able to guarantee. Nevertheless, this technology is not exempt from operational problems; among them the foaming still represents an “open challenge” of the MBR field, due to the high complexity of phe- nomenon. Unfortunately, very little work has been done on the foaming in MBRs and further studies are required. Actually, there is not a distinct difference between conventional activated system and MBR: the main difference is that the MBR plants can retain most Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs) in the bioreactor. For these reason, unlike conventional activated sludge systems, MBRs have experienced foaming in the absence of foam-forming micro-organisms. Nevertheless, the actual mechanisms of EPS production and the role of bacteria in producing foam in activated sludge in MBRs are still unclear. In this paper, the authors investigated the roles of EPS and foam-forming filamentous bacteria by analyzing samples from different pilot plants using MBRs. In particular, in order to define the macroscopic features and the role of EPS and filamentous bacteria, a Modified Scum Index (MSI) test was applied and pro- posed. Based on the MSI and the foam power test, the causes of biological foaming were identified in terms of the potential for foaming, the quality and the quantity of the foam. The results indicated that the MBR foaming was influenced significantly by the concentration of bound EPSs in the sludge. In addition, the quantity and stability of MBR scum increased when both bound EPSs and foam-forming filamentous bacteria were present in the activated sludge

Assessment of landfill leachate biodegradability and treatability by means of allochthonous and autochthonous biomasses

The biodegradability and treatability of a young (3 years old) municipal landfill leachate was evaluated by means of chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation tests, based on respirometric techniques. The tests were performed using two different biomasses: one cultivated from the raw leachate (autochthonous biomass) and the other collected from a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant after its acclimation to leachate (allochthonous biomass). The long term performances of the two biomasses were also studied. The results demonstrated that the amount of biodegradable COD in the leachate was strictly dependent on the biomass that was used to perform the fractionation tests. Using the autochthonous biomass, the amount of biodegradable organic substrate resulted in approximately 75% of the total COD, whereas it was close to 40% in the case of the allochthonous biomass, indicating the capacity of the autochthonous biomass to degrade a higher amount of organic compounds present in the leachate. The autochthonous biomass was characterized by higher biological activity and heterotrophic active fraction (14% vs 7%), whereas the activity of the allochthonous biomass was significantly affected by inhibitory compounds in the leachate, resulting in a lower respiration rate (SOUR = 13 mg O2 gVSS-1 h-1 vs 37 mg O2 gVSS-1 h-1). The long-term performance of the autochthonous and allochthonous biomasses indicated that the former was more suitable for the treatment of raw landfill leachate, ensuring higher removal performance towards the organic pollutants

Start-up with or without inoculum? Analysis of an SMBR pilot plant.

This study analysed a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) start-up with the purpose of determining the best conditions to carry it out. In order to do this, a hollow fibre membrane module was installed in a submerged configuration in a pilot aerobic reactor. The experiment was then divided in two phases, lasting 65 days each. During phase 1, the pilot plant was started-up without inoculum of activated sludge and no sludge, withdrawal was performed. Conversely, in phase 2, the MBR pilot plant was started-up with sludge inoculum and the sludge concentration was kept constant. In both phases, the volumetric loading rate applied to the pilot plant was kept constant. The authors analysed the difference in carbon removal performances, the evolution of floc sizes and the fouling rate in both phases. The results confirmed that MBRs can be quickly and easily started-up, but the initial start-up strategy can influence membrane fouling. More specifically, the carbon removal performances were similar in both phases, while the fouling rate increased faster during the start-up without inoculum, especially in terms of irreversible deposition of soluble compost on the membrane surface and into membrane pores.This study analysed a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) start-up with the purpose of determining the best conditions to carry it out. In order to do this, a hollow fibre membrane module was installed in a submerged configuration in a pilot aerobic reactor. The experiment was then divided in two phases, lasting 65 days each. During phase 1, the pilot plant was started-up without inoculum of activated sludge and no sludge, withdrawal was performed. Conversely, in phase 2, the MBR pilot plant was started-up with sludge inoculum and the sludge concentration was kept constant. In both phases, the volumetric loading rate applied to the pilot plant was kept constant. The authors analysed the difference in carbon removal performances, the evolution of floc sizes and the fouling rate in both phases. The results confirmed that MBRs can be quickly and easily started-up, but the initial start-up strategy can influence membrane fouling. More specifically, the carbon removal performances were similar in both phases, while the fouling rate increased faster during the start-up without inoculum, especially in terms of irreversible deposition of soluble compost on the membrane surface and into membrane pores

Fate of aerobic granular sludge in the long-term: The role of EPSs on the clogging of granular sludge porosity

This work aims to investigate the stability of aerobic granular sludge in the long term, focusing on the clogging of the granular sludge porosity exerted by the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The effects of different cycle lengths (short and long-term cycle) on the granular sludge stability were investigated. Results obtained outlined that during the short duration cycle, the formation and breakage of the aerobic granules were continuously observed. During this period, the excess of EPS production contributed to the clogging of the granules porosity, causing their breakage in the long run. During the long-duration cycle, the extended famine period entailed a greater EPSs consumption by bacteria, thus limiting the clogging of the porosity, and allowed obtaining stable aerobic granules. Reported results demonstrated that an excess in EPSs content could be detrimental to the stability of aerobic granular sludge in the long-term

Biopolymer Recovery from Aerobic Granular Sludge and Conventional Flocculent Sludge in Treating Industrial Wastewater: Preliminary Analysis of Different Carbon Routes for Organic Carbon Utilization

The recovery of biopolymers from sewage sludge could be a crucial step in implementing circular economy principles in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this frame, the present study was aimed at evaluating the simultaneous production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) obtainable from the treatment of agro-industrial wastewater. Two biological enrichment systems, aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and a conventional activated sludge operating as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), were monitored for 204 and 186 days, respectively. The maximum biopolymers accumulation capacity was close to 0.60 mgPHA-EPS gVSS−1 in the AGS when operating at 3 kgCODm−3d−1, whereas in the SBR, it was about half (0.35 mgPHA-EPS gVSS−1). Biopolymers extracted from the AGS were mainly constituted by EPS (&gt;70%), whose percentage increased up to 95% with the OLR applied in the enrichment reactor. In contrast, SBR enabled obtaining a higher PHA production (50% of the biopolymers). Results suggested that organic carbon was mainly channeled toward metabolic pathways for extracellular storing in AGS, likely due to metabolic stressors (e.g., hydraulic selection pressure, shear forces) applied for promoting aerobic granulation

The role of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation with stepwise increase of salinity

A granular sequencing batch reactor (GSBR) worked for 164 days to study the effect of salinity on aerobic granulation. The feeding had an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.6 kg COD c5m 123 c5d 121 and a gradual increase of salinity (from 0.30 to 38 g NaCl 12 c5L 121) to promote a biological salt-adaptation. First aggregates (average diameter 48 0.4 mm) appeared after 14 days. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) analyses revealed that proteins were mainly higher than polysaccharides, and microorganisms metabolized EPSs as additional carbon source, mostly in feast phase, to face the energy demand for salinity adaptation. No significant worsening of organic matter removal was observed. The initial decrease of nitrification (from 58% to 15%) and the subsequent increase (up to 25%), confirmed the acclimation of AOBs to saline environment, while the accumulation of nitrites suggested NOBs inhibition. The nitrogen removal initially decreased from 58% to 15%, due to the inhibitory effect of salinity, and subsequently increased up to 29% denoting a simultaneous nitrification\u2013denitrification. The dimensions of mature granules (higher than 1 mm) probably involved PAOs growth in the inner anaerobic layers. Nitrites caused a temporary deterioration of phosphorous removal (from 60% to almost zero), that increased up to 25% when nitrites were depleted

The effect of hydrocarbon on a pilot plant membrane bioreactor system

The paper reports the main results from an experimental gathering campaign carried out on a bench scale plant for the evaluation of hydrocarbon effect on the system performance. In particular, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) under submerged configuration was analysed. The MBR plant was fed with synthetic wastewater containing hydrocarbons. Organic carbon, hydrocarbons and ammonium removal, kinetic constants, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) production and membranes fouling rates have been assessed. The observed results highlighted good system performance in terms of both COD removal and nitrification, thus showing a sort of biomass adaptation to hydrocarbon. Such a result has been also confirmed by the biomass respirometric tests. Moreover, membrane fouling analysis showed an increase of the total resistance in the last period of the experiments. Such a result was most likely due to the hydrocarbon which caused an irreversible fouling due to oil deposition onto the membrane surface