Microstructural Changes in Human Ingestive Behavior After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass During Liquid Meals

BACKGROUND. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) decreases energy intake and is, therefore, an effective treatment of obesity. The behavioral bases of the decreased calorie intake remain to be elucidated. We applied the methodology of microstructural analysis of meal intake to establish the behavioral features of ingestion in an effort to discern the various controls of feeding as a function of RYGB. METHODS. The ingestive microstructure of a standardized liquid meal in a cohort of 11 RYGB patients, in 10 patients with obesity, and in 10 healthy-weight adults was prospectively assessed from baseline to 1 year with a custom-designed drinkometer. Statistics were performed on log-transformed ratios of change from baseline so that each participant served as their own control, and proportional increases and decreases were numerically symmetrical. Data-driven (3 seconds) and additional burst pause criteria (1 and 5 seconds) were used. RESULTS. At baseline, the mean meal size (909.2 versus 557.6 kCal), burst size (28.8 versus 17.6 mL), and meal duration (433 versus 381 seconds) differed between RYGB patients and healthy-weight controls, whereas suck volume (5.2 versus 4.6 mL) and number of bursts (19.7 versus 20.1) were comparable. At 1 year, the ingestive differences between the RYGB and healthy-weight groups disappeared due to significantly decreased burst size (P = 0.008) and meal duration (P = 0.034) after RYGB. The first-minute intake also decreased after RYGB (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION. RYGB induced dynamic changes in ingestive behavior over the first postoperative year. While the eating pattern of controls remained stable, RYGB patients reduced their meal size by decreasing burst size and meal duration, suggesting that increased postingestive sensibility may mediate postbariatric ingestive behavior. TRIAL REGISTRATION. NCT03747445; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03747445. FUNDING. This work was supported by the University of Zurich, the Swiss National Fund (32003B_182309), and the Olga Mayenfisch Foundation. Bálint File was supported by the Hungarian Brain Research Program Grant (grant no. 2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002)

Controle social em ação: experiência de implantação de um conselho local de saúde / Social control in action: experience in setting up a local health

Este trabalho objetiva relatar a experiência vivenciada por acadêmicas de enfermagem no desenvolvimento de um projeto de intervenção que visou a implantação de um Conselho Local de Saúde na área de abrangência de uma Unidade de Estratégia Saúde da Família, em um município do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O Conselho Local é um meio de participação dos usuários da comunidade e dos profissionais de saúde para discutir questões relevantes à saúde e ao contexto em que os usuários estão inseridos, a fim de criar melhorias nos serviços de saúde. Foram realizados encontros utilizando como ferramenta metodológica o Círculo de Cultura proposto por Paulo Freire. A partir disso, identificou-se que houve aproximação dos profissionais da equipe com os usuários e suas demandas/necessidades, assim como o esclarecimento de dúvidas e melhor compreensão da comunidade frente a algumas condutas dos profissionais e do serviço. A partir do diálogo estabelecido, houve o fortalecimento da parceria entre universidade e serviço de saúde/comunidade

Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma

Oesophageal cancers are prominent worldwide; however, there are few targeted therapies and survival rates for these cancers remain dismal. Here we performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of 164 carcinomas of the oesophagus derived from Western and Eastern populations. Beyond known histopathological and epidemiologic distinctions, molecular features differentiated oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas from oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas resembled squamous carcinomas of other organs more than they did oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Our analyses identified three molecular subclasses of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, but none showed evidence for an aetiological role of human papillomavirus. Squamous cell carcinomas showed frequent genomic amplifications of CCND1 and SOX2 and/or TP63, whereas ERBB2, VEGFA and GATA4 and GATA6 were more commonly amplified in adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal adenocarcinomas strongly resembled the chromosomally unstable variant of gastric adenocarcinoma, suggesting that these cancers could be considered a single disease entity. However, some molecular features, including DNA hypermethylation, occurred disproportionally in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. These data provide a framework to facilitate more rational categorization of these tumours and a foundation for new therapies

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Modification of the Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr10 in Triticum aestivum

Stripe rust is a disease in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) that is caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis. The pathogen has evolved to defeat an R gene in T. aestivum known as the Yr10 gene. The Yr10 gene was found to encode an evolutionary-conserved sequence known as the CC-NBS-LRR. This conserved sequence was found to be involved in producing resistance to various pathogens. Within this sequence the coiled coil (CC) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains are thought to be important to the protein’s function. This project made use of PCR overlap-extension mutagenesis to mutagenize the CC and LRR domains in an attempt to create modified constructs of the Yr10 gene. PCR reactions gave fragments of the expected sizes which were then assembled into the pANIC6D vector to be used in transformation. Transformation of the vector with inserted sequences into Escherichia coli will be done to confirm the successful insertion of the fragments. There is hope that in the future the modified constructs could be transformed into wheat. *Indicates presente

The role of language in the association between theory of mind and executive functioning in early childhood : New longitudinal evidence

This study examined the temporal associations between theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) and the effect of language skills on these associations in the development of young children. Data were collected on three occasions in a longitudinal study of children aged 3-6 years (N = 142). A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis was used to examine the bidirectional effects of ToM and EF and associations with language skills. Results extend previous findings by showing that EF measured at the first observation (average age 56 months) was likely to influence ToM at the second observation (average age 64 months). This effect was not reciprocal. However, the effect between ToM and EF became bidirectional over a six month period from the second to third observation (average age 70 months). In addition, language was found to influence both ToM and EF beyond the directional effect of these constructs on each other

Modifying the Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr10 in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by PCR Mutagenesis

Stripe rust is a disease in cereal crops caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis which can have devastating effects on crop yields. Cereal plants have unique resistance (R) genes which code for resistance (R) proteins with coiled coil (CC), nucleotide binding site (NBS), and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains. The CC and LRR domains are thought to be particularly important for protein function/interaction in the resistance response. The Yr10 gene is a stripe rust resistance gene in Triticum aestivum that codes for a unique CC-NBS-LRR sequence but no longer confers resistance to some races of rust. Previous studies indicate that by mutagenizing the DNA sequences that code for the CC and LRR domains it is possible to change the R protein’s sequence, and possibly the interaction during the resistance response3. Thus, the defeated R genes can confer resistance once again when mutagenized in these regions. This study used PCR mutagenesis (by overlap extension) to mutagenize the Yr10 gene in the regions encoding the CC and LRR domains. Primers were designed to amplify Yr10 such that products contained mutated sequence as extensions, available for overlap. The amplifications were the expected size, indicted primers were successful. The PCR products containing the mutagenized sequences of Yr10 were then assembled with the pANIC 6D vector to be used in further experiments involving the transformation of wheat crops to test resistance. *Indicates presente

Intratumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose: Morphologic intratumor heterogeneity is well known to exist in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but very few systematic analyses of this phenomenon have been performed. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize morphological intratumor heterogeneity in HCC. Also taken into account were well-known immunohistochemical markers and molecular changes in liver cells that are considered in proposed classifications of liver cell neoplasms or discussed as molecular therapeutic targets. Experimental Design: In HCC of 23 patients without medical pretreatment, a total of 120 tumor areas were defined. Analyzed were cell and tissue morphology, expression of the liver cell markers CK7, CD44, AFP, EpCAM and glutamine synthetase along with mutations of TP53 and CTNNB1, assayed by both Sanger and next generation sequencing. Results: Overall, intratumor heterogeneity was detectable in the majority of HCC cases (20/23, 87%). Heterogeneity solely on the level of morphology was found in 6/23 cases (26%), morphological heterogeneity combined with immunohistochemical heterogeneity in 9/23 cases (39%), and heterogeneity with respect to morphology, immunohistochemistry and mutational status of TP53 and CTNNB1 in 5/23 cases (22%). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that intratumor heterogeneity represents a challenge for the establishment of a robust HCC classification and may contribute to treatment failure and drug resistance in many cases of HCC