Studi Potensi Jumlah Penumpang Bus Pemadu Moda Rute Malang – Bandar Udara Juanda Pp

Bandar Udara Malang yang belum melayani banyak tujuan penerbangan membuat pengguna moda pesawat memilih Bandar Udara Juanda. Disisi lain angkutan yang melayani rute Malang-Juanda PP hanya angkutan travel. Untuk itu dibutuhkan moda lain yang lebih ekonomis dan memiliki kapasitas lebih banyak dibandingkan angkutan travel. Bus pemadu moda adalah moda alternatif yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuisioner karakteristik sosial-ekonomi, karakteristik perjalanan serta kuisioner dengan teknik penyusunan stated preference. Stated preference memiliki atribut biaya perjalanan, waktu tempuh dan frekuensi keberangkatan. Sedangkan untuk prediksi tarif bus pemadu moda yang direncanakan diperoleh dari perhitungan BOK. Tarif yang telah diperoleh dari perhitungan BOK dibandingkan dengan nilai ATP dan WTP yang diperoleh dari kuisioner yang telah disebarkan. Sehingga didapatkan tarif ideal yang akan diberlakukan apabila bus pemadu moda tersebut direalisasikan.Setelah melakukan perhitungan tarif berdasarkan BOK diperoleh tarif sebesar Rp 23.374,- serta berdasarkan ATP dan WTP diperoleh tarif sebesar Rp 43.675,-. Dengan demikian perkiraan awal tarif bus pemadu moda sebesar Rp 40.000,- dapat diberlakukan. Hasil dari pemodelan pemilihan moda dengan metode stated preference untuk selisih biaya perjalanan Malang-Juanda: dan Juanda-Malang : , untuk selisih waktu tempuh perjalanan () rute Malang-Juanda : dan rute Juanda-Malang : , sedangkan untuk selisih Frekuensi Keberangkatan () rute Malang-Juanda : dan rute Juanda-Malang : .Potensi perpindahan pengguna travel ke bus pemadu moda rute Malang-Juanda sebanyak 705 orang per hari (83,97%). Sedangkan untuk rute Juanda-Malang sebanyak 1516 orang per hari (90,24%)

Early Detection of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in Asbestos-Exposed Individuals with a Noninvasive Proteomics-Based Surveillance Tool

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive, asbestos-related pulmonary cancer that is increasing in incidence. Because diagnosis is difficult and the disease is relatively rare, most patients present at a clinically advanced stage where possibility of cure is minimal. To improve surveillance and detection of MM in the high-risk population, we completed a series of clinical studies to develop a noninvasive test for early detection.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We conducted multi-center case-control studies in serum from 117 MM cases and 142 asbestos-exposed control individuals. Biomarker discovery, verification, and validation were performed using SOMAmer proteomic technology, which simultaneously measures over 1000 proteins in unfractionated biologic samples. Using univariate and multivariate approaches we discovered 64 candidate protein biomarkers and derived a 13-marker random forest classifier with an AUC of 0.99±0.01 in training, 0.98±0.04 in independent blinded verification and 0.95±0.04 in blinded validation studies. Sensitivity and specificity at our pre-specified decision threshold were 97%/92% in training and 90%/95% in blinded verification. This classifier accuracy was maintained in a second blinded validation set with a sensitivity/specificity of 90%/89% and combined accuracy of 92%. Sensitivity correlated with pathologic stage; 77% of Stage I, 93% of Stage II, 96% of Stage III and 96% of Stage IV cases were detected. An alternative decision threshold in the validation study yielding 98% specificity would still detect 60% of MM cases. In a paired sample set the classifier AUC of 0.99 and 91%/94% sensitivity/specificity was superior to that of mesothelin with an AUC of 0.82 and 66%/88% sensitivity/specificity. The candidate biomarker panel consists of both inflammatory and proliferative proteins, processes strongly associated with asbestos-induced malignancy.</p> <h3>Significance</h3><p>The SOMAmer biomarker panel discovered and validated in these studies provides a solid foundation for surveillance and diagnosis of MM in those at highest risk for this disease.</p> </div

Classifier performance for training, verification and validation.

<p>Percentage values at the predefined decision threshold and 95% confidence intervals.</p

FCN2 SOMAmer and ELISA correlation in the training cohort.

<p>FCN2 measurements for MM cases (red triangles) and asbestos-exposed controls (blue squares) are reported as RFU for SOMAmer and ng/ml for ELISA measurements. Spearman correlation is 0.87.</p

Cohort demographics.

<p>Cohort demographics.</p

ROC curves of individual MM biomarkers measured by commercial ELISA kits.

<p>AUC values and 95% confidence intervals for F9 (green), CXCL13 (red), C9 (blue), FCN2 (purple) were derived from measurements in the validation study samples.</p

Distribution of the 13 protein biomarkers by pathologic stage.

<p>Teal boxes are samples from training and verification combined. Purple boxes are samples from the validation study. Relative fluorescence unit (RFU) distributions are separately shown for control (C) and pathologic stages (I–IV) to illustrate the change in signal as a function of disease burden. Some outlying points have been omitted to make the box plots easier to see: APOA1 (1 point), CDK5-CDK5R1 (1 point), MDK (6 points), and TNFRSF8 (8 points).</p

ROC curves comparing the random forest classifier to mesothelin.

<p>Performance of the random forest classifier (red) compared to a commercial mesothelin assay (blue) on the same cohort of 32 MM cases and 34 asbestos exposed controls. ROC curves are plotted with corresponding AUC values and 95% confidence intervals.</p

MM detection by pathologic stage and study cohort.

<p>MM detection by pathologic stage and study cohort.</p

ROC curves for classifier training, blinded verification and validation.

<p>Training (blue), verification (purple), and validation (red) study ROC curves are plotted with corresponding AUC values and 95% confidence intervals.</p