Industrial Services Characterization for Bidding Process

International audienceWhen responding to call for tenders, many bidding companies offer services. This paper focuses on how to model industrial services during the bidding process to be able to easily develop them. A product offer configuration model is presented, then a reflection about the extension of this model to service offers is conducted. A study of the literature about service definition is dealt and services characteristics are identified. Their impact on the product offer model is analyzed and new characteristics are introduced. This work makes possible to propose a typology to adapt the product offer model to services

Comparative study on the performance of multiparameter SAR Data for operational urban areas extraction using textural features

The advent of a new generation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, such as Advanced SAR/Environmental Satellite (C-band), Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar/Advanced Land Observing Satellite (L-band), and TerraSAR-X (X-band), offers advanced potentials for the detection of urban tissue. In this letter, we analyze and compare the performance of multiple types of SAR images in terms of band frequency, polarization, incidence angle, and spatial resolution for the purpose of operational urban areas delineation. As a reference for comparison, we use a proven method for extracting textural features based on a Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF)model. The results of urban areas delineation are quantitatively analyzed allowing performing intrasensor and intersensors comparisons. Sensitivity of the GMRF model with respect to texture window size and to spatial resolutions of SAR images is also investigated. Intrasensor comparison shows that polarization and incidence angle play a significant role in the potential of the GMRF model for the extraction of urban areas from SAR images. Intersensors comparison evidences the better performances of X-band images, acquired at 1-m spatial resolution, when resampled to resolutions of 5 and 10 m

LCA of municipal solid waste incineration in France: from comprehensive site‐ specific data to Life Cycle Inventory modeling

In France, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), including non-hazardous waste from economic activities collected together with post-consumer waste, are primarily incinerated (approximately 30% in 2010; ADEME, 2012). Yet, current Life Cycle Inventory databases do not precisely account for the characteristics of waste incineration in the specific French context, in particular with respect to air emissions, use of reactants, energy recovery rates and treatment of bottom ashes. This study accordingly aims at collecting environmental and energy data specific to French incinerators for their further integration into a dedicated Life Cycle Inventory model. The results of data collection and analysis are focused at in this presentation. Data were collected considering 90 French incinerators, respectively operated by SITA, TIRU and VEOLIA, and representing approximately 73% of the total mass of MSW incinerated in France as of 2012. Firstly, French incineration installations were classified according to their abatement technologies. Wet systems (with liquid emissions) combined with electrostatic precipitators and semi dry/semi wet systems combined with a fabric filter are predominant in France regarding dedusting and acid gas treatment (they respectively represent 34 and 25% of the total amount of waste incinerated). At the same time, Selective Catalytic Reduction (high temperature) combined with reactants for Dediox (36%) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction combined with reactants for Dediox (32%) are predominant with respect to NOx and dioxin abatement. Secondly, data of process-specific emissions (NOx, particles, dioxins, etc.) have been collected, considering 90 incinerators and 3 years in a raw (2012 to 2014), for their further statistical treatment by category of abatement technology. The correlation between emission factors and abatement technologies is discussed. Considering each kind of emission factor, a distribution of values is accordingly associated either with a given technology of abatement or with the whole French incineration installations. In addition, building on the mass balance at the scale of one French incineration plant, transfer coefficients are calculated in order to further infer waste-specific emissions (e.g. metals) in the model for Life Cycle Inventory of waste incineration in France. Finally, additional data relative respectively to energy (recovery and consumption), to the use of reactants and to downstream treatment of bottom ashes were collected and further statistically treated, considering the 90 incinerators under study. In particular, MSW appear to be incinerated primarily (55%) in plants cogenerating heat and electricity. As a conclusion, the potential use of these data in a Life Cycle Inventory model dedicated to French incineration is more specifically discussed. Acknowledgements This study was partly funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) in the framework of the PCI project. The authors wish to thank Patrick Boisseau (TIRU), Jacques Giacomoni (VEOLIA), Lionel Kosior (SITA) and Cédrik Priault (VEOLIA) for their contributions to this work. Reference: ADEME, 2012. L’incinération des déchets ménagers et assimilés. Les avis de l’ADEME. Décembre 2012

Lipase activity in alcoholysis and esterification reations of crude latex from babaco fruit (Carica pentagona)

L'activité lipasique du latex brut de Io plante subtropicale de Babaco (Carica pentagona) est étudiée dans des réactions d'alcoolyse et d'estérification. Les résultats indiquent que le latex brut de Carica pentagona présente des propriétés biocatalytiques équivalentes au latex brut de Carica papaya dans des réactions de synthèse telles que l'alcoolyse de triacylglycérols et la réaction d'estérification (les rendements de réaction sont respectivement 72,3% et 70,2% après 3 h pour l'alcoolyse et 31,8% et 33,8% après 24 h pour la réaction d'estérification). Par contre, la papaïne brute commerciale donne des rendements de réaction beaucoup plus bas que les latex bruts des deux espèces de Carica (28,9% en alcoolyse et 5,4% en estérification). (Résumé d'auteur

Product v Service system configuration: a generic knowledge-based model for commercial offers

At a time when modes of consumption are rapidly evolving, consumer attitudes and expectations are changing. Today, customers want more and more products and services that can be customised to their needs. Furthermore, they are more willing to pay for usage of a product rather than ownership. On the other hand, companies are adding more and more services to the products they are bringing to market in order to create added value and differentiate themselves from their competitors. To adapt to these new market trends, companies now have to offer their customers a more sophisticated catalog of solutions, in both product and services, including all conceivable combinations of the two. The aim of this article is to propose a generic knowledge-based model, dedicated to commercial offer configuration which is able to cope with the whole variety of solutions a company can deliver. To our knowledge, although some works on product configuration, service and product-service system configuration exist, none of them is generic enough to support product, service and product-service configuration at the same time when defining commercial offers. In this article, after giving a state-of-the-art assessment of product and service configurations, the need for a generic model able to cover the whole range and diversity of commercial offers is established, a knowledge-based model is defined and its relevance is demonstrated on seven use-cases coming from secondary and tertiary sector companies