Clef D’identification Morphologique De Cinq Clones D’hevea (Hevea Brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Recommandes En Cote d’Ivoire

La présente étude vise à déterminer un nombre réduit de critères morphologiques pour la différenciation des cinq clones (GT 1, PB 217, IRCA 41, 230 et IRCA 331) recommandés en Côte d’Ivoire. L’objectif général est d’éviter les mélanges clonaux observés dans les Jardins à bois de greffes (JBG) d’hévéa, servant au greffage du matériel de plantation utilisé par des planteurs. Ainsi, ces clones ont été décrits dans deux JBG à l’aide de 27 critères morphologiques utilisés dans le monde. Pour chacun des clones, la description a porté sur 25 plants sains de trois ou quatre étages foliaires dont la conformité clonale a été confirmée à l’aide des marqueurs moléculaires microsatellites. Les résultats ont montré que six critères permettent de discriminer clairement ces cinq clones : couleur des feuilles, coupe transversale de la foliole centrale, forme de l’avant dernier étage foliaire, glandes nectarifères, longueur et l’orientation du pétiolule central. Le clone GT 1 s’identifie par la couleur vertfoncé des feuilles et d’un long pétiolule (> 1,4 cm), le clone PB 217 par des feuilles vert-clair avec de court pétiolule (≤ 0,9 cm), le clone IRCA 331 par un étage foliaire conique, des pétiolules droits et des folioles centrales plates. Les clones IRCA 230 et IRCA 41 se distinguent l’un de l’autre par les glandes nectarifères abondantes et peu abondantes, respectivement. Cette investigation doit être menée dans d'autres localités dans le but de tester la stabilité de ces six critères dans l'espace et le temps. This paper focuses on determining a reduced number of morphological criteria for the differentiation of the five clones (GT 1, PB 217, IRCA 41, 230 and IRCA 331) recommended in Côte d'Ivoire. The general objective is to avoid the clonal mixtures observed in the graft wood garden (GWG) of rubber, which is used to graft planting material used by planters. These clones have been described in two GWG using 27 morphological criteria around the world. For each clone, the description looked at 25 healthy plants of three or four shape of the leaf floors clonal compliance. This was confirmed using microsatellite molecular markers. The results showed that six criteria made it possible to clearly differentiate these five clones: colour of the leaves, the cross-section of the central leaflet, the shape of the leaf floors, the nectariferous glands, the length and orientation of the central petolule. The GT 1 clone is identified by the dark green colour of the leaves and a long petiolule ( 1,4 cm), the PB 217 clone by light green leaves with short petiolule (0.9 cm), and the IRCA 331 clone by a conical shape of the leaf floors, straight petiolules, and flat central leaflets. The IRCA 230 and IRCA 41 clones are distinguished by the abundant and infrequent nectariferous glands, respectively. This investigation should be carried out in other localities with the aim of testing the stability of these six criteria in space and time

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Effects of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth: A double-blind randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso

Background: Intrauterine growth retardation is a major predictor of child health in developing countries. Objective: We tested whether providing pregnant women with the UNICEF/WHO/UNU international multiple micronutrient preparation (UNIMMAP), rather than iron and folic acid alone, improved fetal growth and its correlates. Design: An intention-to-treat, double-blind, randomized controlled trial including 1426 pregnancies was carried out in rural Burkina Faso. Tablet intake was directly observed. Results: Pregnancy outcome was known in 96.3% of the participants. After adjustment for gestational age at delivery, both birth weight (52 g; 95% CI: 4, 100; P = 0.035) and birth length (3.6 mm; 95% CI: 0.8, 6.3; P = 0.012) were significantly higher in the UNIMMAP group. UNIMMAP had a differential effect by percentiles of birth weight and length distributions: the risk of large-forgestational-age infants was higher in the UNIMMAP group (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.38; P = 0.03), although the risk of low birth weight remained unchanged. The effect of UNIMMAP on birth size was modified by maternal body mass index at enrollment and could be more important in multiparous women and women taking sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Unexpectedly, the risk of perinatal death was marginally significantly increased in the UNIMMAP group (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.95, 3.32; P = 0.07), and this seemed to affect mainly primiparous women (OR: 3.44; 95% CI: 1.1, 10.7; P for interaction = 0.11). Conclusions: Maternal UNIMMAP modestly but significantly increased fetal growth. The resulting benefit on infant growth and survival needs to be assessed. The possible lack of benefit and potential harm in primiparous women should be further investigated. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00642408. © 2008 American Society for Nutrition.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe