Idea Men Should Be Able to Enforce Their Contractual Rights: Considerations Rejecting Preemption of Idea-Submission Contract Claims

It is a long-standing and general rule that ideas are free as the air as Justice Brandeis eloquently stated in the dissent to the seminal case International News Service v. Associated Press.\u27 This axiom of copyright law expresses the idea that copyright does not protect ideas but only protects the expression of ideas in a work. The distinction between unprotected ideas and protected expression is often referred to as the idea-expression dichotomy... The principle of the idea-expression dichotomy was initially stated in Baker v. Selden, and later cases further articulated this principle, so that it has become one of the central tenets of copyright. This well-established rule was adopted in section 102(b) of the 1976 Copyright Act, which provides that In no case does copyright protection ... extend to any idea ... , Ideas in the strictest sense thus live in the shadow of copyright law, which persistently refuses to award any exclusive right to anything but an original expression of ideas. This absence of protection can be problematic in light of the fact that some ideas, though undeveloped, possess value independent from their future expression... Thus, state contract law seems adequate to protect idea-creators where copyright law gives no protection. However, copyright law throws a wrench in the works with its preemption doctrine in section 301 of the 1976 Copyright Act, which extended federal copyright protection to all works fixed in a tangible medium of expression and eliminated state common law copyright protection for fixed, but unpublished works.\u27 Section 301 was an attempt by Congress to devise a uniform preemption approach that would produce clear and consistent results. The question then becomes: to what extent does section 301 apply to the remedies granted to an idea creator pursuant to an idea submission contract existing under state law? In an attempt to answer this question, Part II of this article will present the different types of idea-submission contracts and the legal requirements placed on their enforcement, depending on the jurisdiction, arguing in favor of the broadest enforcement of idea-submission contracts. Part III will address the issue of express preemption, analyzing the interplay between idea-submission contracts and the requirements stated by Section 301. Part IV will turn to an examination of the probability of preemption of idea-submission contract claims under the broader ground of implied preemption, dictated by the Constitution\u27s Supremacy Clause

Philosophy for Children as a Form of Spiritual Education

In the last two decades, some authors in the philosophy for children movement have theorized that the community of philosophical inquiry can be a form of spiritual practice, of the care of the self, or a wisdom practice (De Marzio, 2009; Gregory, 2009, 2013, 2014;Gregory & Laverty, 2009). Yet, it is unclear if philosophy for children is, by itself, a form of spiritual education, or if it requires some sorts of modification to be one. And, if it is or can be a form of spiritual education, we can interrogate in what ways and to what extent is it one. It is these questions that this text aims to explore. To do so, we will first clarify the meaning of spiritual education through the presentation of two authors who have explicitly written on that topic. The first is Parker J. Palmer, who has developed a perspective on what it means to reclaim the spiritual roots of education, derived from his study and practice of Quaker spirituality. The second is Pierre Hadot, who has explored how the practice of philosophy in Western antiquity was a form of spiritual exercise. From our presentation of these two authors will emerge a particular perspective of what spiritual education means. In the last section of the text we will use this presentation to examine in what ways philosophy for children can be a form of spiritual education and if requires adaptations to be one

Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia in a Patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Cardiomyopathy: What is the Mechanism?

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75406/1/j.1540-8167.2000.tb01767.x.pd

Succesful Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia Arising From Within the Coronary Venous Sinus

Focal atrial tachycardia (AT) though a relatively uncommon cause of supraventricular tachycardia is difficult to control with antiarrythmic drugs. With the advent of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), this form of tachycardia can be treated with high long-term success [1]. These foci tend to cluster at specific anatomic locations. In the right atrium, these foci occur along the crista terminalis, the tricuspid annulus, the ostium of the coronary sinus and the perinodal region. In the left atrium, foci occur predominantly at the pulmonary vein ostia and less commonly at the mitral annulus, the left atrial appendage, and the left side of interatrial septum [2-6]. We report the electrophysiological characteristics and ablation procedure of a focal atrial tachycardia which was arising from deep within the coronary sinus

Risks and Benefits of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44675/1/10572_2004_Article_321357.pd

Risks and Benefits of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44660/1/10572_2004_Article_202518.pd

Comparative analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae WW domains and their interacting proteins

BACKGROUND: The WW domain is found in a large number of eukaryotic proteins implicated in a variety of cellular processes. WW domains bind proline-rich protein and peptide ligands, but the protein interaction partners of many WW domain-containing proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are largely unknown. RESULTS: We used protein microarray technology to generate a protein interaction map for 12 of the 13 WW domains present in proteins of the yeast S. cerevisiae. We observed 587 interactions between these 12 domains and 207 proteins, most of which have not previously been described. We analyzed the representation of functional annotations within the network, identifying enrichments for proteins with peroxisomal localization, as well as for proteins involved in protein turnover and cofactor biosynthesis. We compared orthologs of the interacting proteins to identify conserved motifs known to mediate WW domain interactions, and found substantial evidence for the structural conservation of such binding motifs throughout the yeast lineages. The comparative approach also revealed that several of the WW domain-containing proteins themselves have evolutionarily conserved WW domain binding sites, suggesting a functional role for inter- or intramolecular association between proteins that harbor WW domains. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the tuning of interactions between WW domains and their protein interaction partners. CONCLUSION: Protein microarrays provide an appealing alternative to existing techniques for the construction of protein interaction networks. Here we built a network composed of WW domain-protein interactions that illuminates novel features of WW domain-containing proteins and their protein interaction partners

Unique Interaction Between an Atrial Single-Chamber Pacemaker and a Ventricular Defibrillator

A well described interaction between an antibradycardia pacemaker and a ventricular defibrillator is sensing of pacemaker stimuli by the ventricular defibrillator. This report describes an interaction between an atrial demand pacemaker and a ventricular defibrillator that resulted in ventricular asystole and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. In this case, the ventricular defibrillator sensed atrial pacing stimuli when complete atrioventricular block with a slow ventricular escape rate developed. Defibrillator-based ventricular demand pacing was inhibited, resulting in prolonged periods of ventricular asystole, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and multiple defibrillator shocks. Ventricular defibrillator sensing of atrial pacemaker stimuli in the setting of complete atrioventricular block and ventricular asystole cannot be simulated during defibrillator implantation when atrioventricular conduction is intact. Therefore, a pacemaker programmed to atrial demand pacing in a patient with a ventricular defibrillator can result in inappropriate inhibition of ventricular pacing in the setting of complete heart block. Furthermore, this interaction can be avoided with a dual-chamber pacing ventricular defibrillator.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46377/1/10840_2004_Article_257203.pd

Protein kinase substrate identification on functional protein arrays

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Over the last decade, kinases have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets for a number of different diseases, and numerous high throughput screening efforts in the pharmaceutical community are directed towards discovery of compounds that regulate kinase function. The emerging utility of systems biology approaches has necessitated the development of multiplex tools suitable for proteomic-scale experiments to replace lower throughput technologies such as mass spectroscopy for the study of protein phosphorylation. Recently, a new approach for identifying substrates of protein kinases has applied the miniaturized format of functional protein arrays to characterize phosphorylation for thousands of candidate protein substrates in a single experiment. This method involves the addition of protein kinases in solution to arrays of immobilized proteins to identify substrates using highly sensitive radioactive detection and hit identification algorithms.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To date, the factors required for optimal performance of protein array-based kinase substrate identification have not been described. In the current study, we have carried out a detailed characterization of the protein array-based method for kinase substrate identification, including an examination of the effects of time, buffer compositions, and protein concentration on the results. The protein array approach was compared to standard solution-based assays for assessing substrate phosphorylation, and a correlation of greater than 80% was observed. The results presented here demonstrate how novel substrates for protein kinases can be quickly identified from arrays containing thousands of human proteins to provide new clues to protein kinase function. In addition, a pooling-deconvolution strategy was developed and applied that enhances characterization of specific kinase-substrate relationships and decreases reagent consumption.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Functional protein microarrays are an important new tool that enables multiplex analysis of protein phosphorylation, and thus can be utilized to identify novel kinase substrates. Integrating this technology with a systems biology approach to cell signalling will help uncover new layers in our understanding of this essential class of enzymes.</p