Corona-pandemic from the philosophical perspective

本稿では、コロナ・パンデミックに関する哲学的観点からの考察を紹介しようと思う。出発点となるのは、ペガ・モスレーによって筆者に提示された、このテーマに関して考えつくことのできる長大なリストから選択した五つの問題である。選択の基準としたのは次の二点である。目下進行中の議論に実践哲学者として筆者が貢献できる専門知識を有していることと、多くの問題や質問の中で、哲学的考察に値するものはどれかという筆者自身の評価の両方によるものである。広島大学応用倫理学プロジェクト研究センター研究成果報告書 統一テーマ : [復興から和解へ] 《Vom Wiederaufbau zur Versöhnung》Übersetzer: Makoto Tagaya 訳 : 多賀谷

La Filosofía del Derecho de Hegel: una ética institucional adscriptivista

This paper aims to develop the following hypothesis: Hegel's philosophy of law is a philosophical explanation and systematisation of our practices of demanding and responding to evaluative and normative claims. As will be explained, this hypothesis has three advantages. First, it makes the structure of Hegel's practical philosophy visible and comprehensible. It installs his philosophy of law as "Objective Spirit" in the whole of his encyclopaedic system and this part he outlines in its basic lines with the Fundamental Lines. Secondly, the proposal presented here makes it possible to differentiate the various planes on which the Hegelian exposition moves in the Fundamental Lines, and to explain how they are connected with the overall approach of his philosophy of law. Finally, he understands the whole approach of Hegelian practical philosophy as an expression of a self-modernisation of philosophical ethics with a view to the formulation and substantiation of concrete moral statements.Este trabajo pretende desarrollar la siguiente hipótesis: la filosofía del derecho de Hegel es una explicación filosófica y una sistematización de nuestras prácticas de demandar y corresponder a reclamaciones evaluativas y normativas. Como se explicará, esta hipótesis tiene tres ventajas. En primer lugar, hace visible y comprensible la estructura de la filosofía práctica de Hegel. Instala su filosofía del derecho como "Espíritu Objetivo" en el conjunto de su sistema enciclopédico y esta parte la esboza en sus líneas básicas con las Líneas Fundamentales. En segundo lugar, la propuesta aquí presentada permite diferenciar los diversos planos en los que se mueve la exposición hegeliana en las Líneas Fundamentales, y explicar de qué modo ellos están conectados con el planteamiento de conjunto de su filosofía del derecho. Por último, comprende todo el planteamiento de la filosofía práctica hegeliana como expresión de una automoderación de la ética filosófica en vistas a la formulación y fundamentación de declaraciones morales concretas

Ethische Akzeptabilität als zentrale Aufgabe philosophischer Politikberatung

Unter ‚Akzeptabilität‘ versteht man einerseits „gerechtfertigte Akzeptanzfähigkeit“ und andererseits „intersubjektive Angemessenheit“; Letztere wird in diesem Beitrag als praktische Kohärenz und soziale Verhältnismäßigkeit gefasst. Damit stellt das Konzept ethischer Akzeptabilität ein Angebot der praktischen Philosophie für den gesellschaftlichen Diskurs zur Akzeptabilitätsüberprüfung bereit. Als kritische Reflexionsinstanz geht es der Philosophie dabei weder um Akzeptanzbeschaffung noch um die Ermittlung möglicher oder erwartbarer Akzeptanz. Philosophische Politikberatung fokussiert als Ethik auf die Qualität der Gründe von Handlungen oder Handlungszielen von politischen Institutionen oder Personen

Noxious counterirritation in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the knee reduces MCC but not SII pain generators: A combined use of MEG and EEG

Chronic pain is mainly a result of two processes: peripheral and central sensitization, which can result in neuroplastic changes. Previous psychophysical studies suggested a decrease of the so-called pain-inhibiting-pain effect (DNIC) in chronic pain patients. We aimed to study the DNIC effect on the neuronal level using magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in 12 patients suffering from advanced unilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA). DNIC was induced in patients by provoking the typical OA pain by a slightly hyperextended joint position, while they received short electrical pain stimuli. Although the patients did not report a reduction of electrical pain perception, the cingulate gyrus showed a decrease of activation during provoked OA pain, while activity in the secondary somatosensory cortex did not change. Based on much stronger DNIC induction at comparable intensities of an acute counterirritant pain in healthy subjects this result suggests a deficit of DNIC in OA patients. We suggest that the strength of DNIC is subject to neuronal plasticity of descending inhibitory pain systems and diminishes during the development of a chronic pain condition

El concepto de acción en hegel

Trad. de Daniel Barreto González. México: Anthropos / Universidad autonoma metropolitana, 2010. 238 pp

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 overexpression induces gastric dysplasia through expansion of stromal myofibroblasts and epithelial progenitors

Objective: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the main ligand for CXCR4, is overexpressed in human cancer. This study addressed the precise contribution of SDF-1 to gastric carcinogenesis. Design: SDF-1 transgenic mice were created and a Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer model was used in combination with H/K-ATPase-IL-1β mice. Gastric tissue was analysed by histopathology and cells isolated from the stomach were analysed by molecular biological methods. Results: Analysis of the H/K-ATPase/SDF-1 transgenic (SDF-Tg) mice showed that SDF-1 overexpression results in significant gastric epithelial hyperproliferation, mucous neck cell hyperplasia and spontaneous gastric dysplasia (wild-type mice 0/15 (0%) vs SDF-Tg mice 4/14 (28.6%), p=0.042, Fisher exact test) but has minimal effects on inflammation. SDF-Tg mice also showed a dramatic expansion of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts and CXCR4-expressing gastric epithelial cells in the progenitor zone, both of which preceded the development of significant gastritis or dysplasia. Gremlin 1-expressing mesenchymal stem cells, the putative precursors of myofibroblasts, were also increased within the dysplastic stomachs of SDF-Tg mice and showed chemotaxis in response to SDF-1 stimulation. SDF-1 overexpression alone resulted in minimal recruitment of haematopoietic cells to the gastric mucosa, although macrophages were increased late in the disease. When SDF-Tg mice were crossed with H/K-ATPase-IL-1β mice or infected with Helicobacter felis, however, there were dramatic synergistic effects on recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells and progression to preneoplasia. Conclusion: Activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis can contribute to early stages of carcinogenesis primarily through recruitment of stromal cells and modulation of the progenitor niche

Interferon-γ inhibits gastric carcinogenesis by inducing epithelial cell autophagy and T cell apoptosis

Author Manuscript 2012 June 15.IFN-γ mediates responses to bacterial infection and autoimmune disease, but it is also an important tumor suppressor. It is upregulated in the gastric mucosa by chronic Helicobacter infection; however, whether it plays a positive or negative role in inflammation-associated gastric carcinogenesis is unexplored. To study this question, we generated an H[superscript +]/K[superscript +]-ATPase-IFN-γ transgenic mouse that overexpresses murine IFN-γ in the stomach mucosa. In contrast to the expected proinflammatory role during infection, we found that IFN-γ overexpression failed to induce gastritis and instead inhibited gastric carcinogenesis induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and/or Helicobacter infection. Helper T cell (Th) 1 and Th17 immune responses were inhibited by IFN-γ through Fas induction and apoptosis in CD4 T cells. IFN-γ also induced autophagy in gastric epithelial cells through increased expression of Beclin-1. Finally, in the gastric epithelium, IFN-γ also inhibited IL-1β- and Helicobacter-induced epithelial apoptosis, proliferation, and Dckl1[superscript +] cell expansion. Taken together, our results suggest that IFN-γ coordinately inhibits bacterial infection and carcinogenesis in the gastric mucosa by suppressing putative gastric progenitor cell expansion and reducing epithelial cell apoptosis via induction of an autophagic program. Cancer Res; 71(12); 4247–59