722 research outputs found
Interferometry versus projective measurement of anyons
The distinct methods for measuring topological charge in a non-abelian
anyonic system have been discussed in the literature: projective measurement of
a single point-like quasiparticle and interferometric measurement of the total
topological charge of a group of quasiparticles. Projective measurement by
definition is only applied near a point and will project to a topological
charge sector near that point. Thus, if it is to be applied to a \emph{group}
of anyons to project to a \emph{total} charge, then the anyons must first be
fused one by one to obtain a single anyon carrying the collective charge. We
show that interferometric measurement is strictly stronger: Any protocol
involving projective measurement can be simulated at low overhead by another
protocol involving only interferometric measurement.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure
Non-Abelian Anyons and Topological Quantum Computation
Topological quantum computation has recently emerged as one of the most
exciting approaches to constructing a fault-tolerant quantum computer. The
proposal relies on the existence of topological states of matter whose
quasiparticle excitations are neither bosons nor fermions, but are particles
known as {\it Non-Abelian anyons}, meaning that they obey {\it non-Abelian
braiding statistics}. Quantum information is stored in states with multiple
quasiparticles, which have a topological degeneracy. The unitary gate
operations which are necessary for quantum computation are carried out by
braiding quasiparticles, and then measuring the multi-quasiparticle states. The
fault-tolerance of a topological quantum computer arises from the non-local
encoding of the states of the quasiparticles, which makes them immune to errors
caused by local perturbations. To date, the only such topological states
thought to have been found in nature are fractional quantum Hall states, most
prominently the \nu=5/2 state, although several other prospective candidates
have been proposed in systems as disparate as ultra-cold atoms in optical
lattices and thin film superconductors. In this review article, we describe
current research in this field, focusing on the general theoretical concepts of
non-Abelian statistics as it relates to topological quantum computation, on
understanding non-Abelian quantum Hall states, on proposed experiments to
detect non-Abelian anyons, and on proposed architectures for a topological
quantum computer. We address both the mathematical underpinnings of topological
quantum computation and the physics of the subject using the \nu=5/2 fractional
quantum Hall state as the archetype of a non-Abelian topological state enabling
fault-tolerant quantum computation.Comment: Final Accepted form for RM
Apolipoprotein L1 gene variants associate with prevalent kidney but not prevalent cardiovascular disease in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.
Apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) G1 and G2 coding variants are strongly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in African Americans (AAs). Here APOL1 association was tested with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2571 AAs from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), a trial assessing effects of systolic blood pressure reduction on renal and CVD outcomes. Logistic regression models that adjusted for potentially important confounders tested for association between APOL1 risk variants and baseline clinical CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary, or carotid artery revascularization) and CKD (eGFR under 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) and/or UACR over 30 mg/g). AA SPRINT participants were 45.3% female with a mean (median) age of 64.3 (63) years, mean arterial pressure 100.7 (100) mm Hg, eGFR 76.3 (77.1) ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and UACR 49.9 (9.2) mg/g, and 8.2% had clinical CVD. APOL1 (recessive inheritance) was positively associated with CKD (odds ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.73) and log UACR estimated slope (β) 0.33) and negatively associated with eGFR (β -3.58), all significant. APOL1 risk variants were not significantly associated with prevalent CVD (1.02, 0.82-1.27). Thus, SPRINT data show that APOL1 risk variants are associated with mild CKD but not with prevalent CVD in AAs with a UACR under 1000 mg/g
Non-adiabatic geometrical quantum gates in semiconductor quantum dots
In this paper we study the implementation of non-adiabatic geometrical
quantum gates with in semiconductor quantum dots. Different quantum information
enconding/manipulation schemes exploiting excitonic degrees of freedom are
discussed. By means of the Aharanov-Anandan geometrical phase one can avoid the
limitations of adiabatic schemes relying on adiabatic Berry phase; fast
geometrical quantum gates can be in principle implementedComment: 5 Pages LaTeX, 10 Figures include
Nucleation of quark matter bubbles in neutron stars
The thermal nucleation of quark matter bubbles inside neutron stars is
examined for various temperatures which the star may realistically encounter
during its lifetime. It is found that for a bag constant less than a critical
value, a very large part of the star will be converted into the quark phase
within a fraction of a second. Depending on the equation of state for neutron
star matter and strange quark matter, all or some of the outer parts of the
star may subsequently be converted by a slower burning or a detonation.Comment: 13 pages, REVTeX, Phys.Rev.D (in press), IFA 93-32. 5 figures (not
included) available upon request from [email protected]
D3-branes on the Coulomb branch and instantons
The relative coefficients of higher derivative interactions of the IIB
effective action of the form C^4, (D F_5)^4, F_5^8, ... (where C is the Weyl
tensor and F_5 is the five-form field strength) are motivated by supersymmetry
arguments. It is shown that the classical supergravity solution for N parallel
D3-branes is unaltered by this combination of terms. The non-vanishing of
\zeroC^2 in this background (where \zero C is the background value of the Weyl
tensor) leads to effective O(1/alpha') interactions, such as C^2 and Lambda^8
(where Lambda is the dilatino). These contain D-instanton contributions in
addition to tree and one-loop terms. The near horizon limit of the N D3-brane
system describes a multi-AdS_5xS^5 geometry that is dual to \calN=4 SU(N)
Yang-Mills theory spontaneously broken to S(U(M_1)x...xU(M_r)). Here, the N
D3-branes are grouped into r coincident bunches with M_r in each group, with
M_r/N = m_r fixed as N goes to infinity. The boundary correlation function of
eight Lambda's is constructed explicitly. The second part of the paper
considers effects of a constrained instanton in this large-N Yang-Mills theory
by an extension of the analysis of Dorey, Hollowood and Khoze of the
one-instanton measure at finite N. This makes precise the correspondence with
the supergravity D-instanton measure at leading order in the 1/N expansion.
However, the duality between instanton-induced correlation functions in
Yang-Mills theory and the dual supergravity is somewhat obscured by
complications relating to the structure of constrained instantons.Comment: 30 pages, JHEP style. Typos corrected and minor clarifications adde
Gender Difference or Parallel Publics? The Dynamics of Defense Spending Opinions in the United States, 1965-2007
Gender is now recognized as an important dividing line in American political life, and
scholars have accumulated evidence that national security issues are an important
reason for gender differences in policy preferences. We therefore expect that the
dynamics of support for defense spending among men and women will differ. In
contrast, several scholars have shown that population subgroups exhibit a ‘‘parallel’’
dynamic in which the evolution of their preferences over time is very similar, despite
differences in the average level of support. Unfortunately, there is little time series
evidence on gendered reactions to policy, including defense spending, that would
allow one to arbitrate between these competing perspectives. In this research note,
we assemble a time series of support for defense spending among men and women
and model the determinants of that support for the period 1967–2007. We find that
women are on average less supportive of defense spending than are men. However,
we also find that the over time variation of support for defense spending among men
and women is very similar—each is conditioned principally by the past year’s change
in defense spending and occasionally by war casualties and a trade-off between
defense and civilian spending
Modulation of Kv Channel Expression and Function by TCR and Costimulatory Signals during Peripheral CD4+ Lymphocyte Differentiation
Ionic signaling pathways, including voltage-dependent potassium (Kv) channels, are instrumental in antigen-mediated responses of peripheral T cells. However, how Kv channels cooperate with other signaling pathways involved in T cell activation and differentiation is unknown. We report that multiple Kv channels are expressed by naive CD4+ lymphocytes, and that the current amplitude and kinetics are modulated by antigen receptor–mediated stimulation and costimulatory signals. Currents expressed in naive CD4+ lymphocytes are consistent with Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.6. Effector CD4+ cells generated by optimal TCR and costimulation exhibit only Kv1.3 current, but at approximately sixfold higher levels than naive cells. CD4+ lymphocytes anergized through partial stimulation exhibit similar Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and/or Kv1.6 currents, but approximately threefold more Kv1.3 current than naive cells. To determine if Kv channels contribute to the distinct functions of naive, effector, and anergized T cells, we tested their role in immunoregulatory cytokine production. Each Kv channel is required for maximal IL-2 production by naive CD4+ lymphocytes, whereas none appears to play a role in IL-2, IL-4, or IFN-γ production by effector cells. Interestingly, Kv channels in anergized lymphocytes actively suppress IL-4 production, and these functions are consistent with a role in regulating the membrane potential and calcium signaling
On renormalization group flows and the a-theorem in 6d
We study the extension of the approach to the a-theorem of Komargodski and
Schwimmer to quantum field theories in d=6 spacetime dimensions. The dilaton
effective action is obtained up to 6th order in derivatives. The anomaly flow
a_UV - a_IR is the coefficient of the 6-derivative Euler anomaly term in this
action. It then appears at order p^6 in the low energy limit of n-point
scattering amplitudes of the dilaton for n > 3. The detailed structure with the
correct anomaly coefficient is confirmed by direct calculation in two examples:
(i) the case of explicitly broken conformal symmetry is illustrated by the free
massive scalar field, and (ii) the case of spontaneously broken conformal
symmetry is demonstrated by the (2,0) theory on the Coulomb branch. In the
latter example, the dilaton is a dynamical field so 4-derivative terms in the
action also affect n-point amplitudes at order p^6. The calculation in the
(2,0) theory is done by analyzing an M5-brane probe in AdS_7 x S^4.
Given the confirmation in two distinct models, we attempt to use dispersion
relations to prove that the anomaly flow is positive in general. Unfortunately
the 4-point matrix element of the Euler anomaly is proportional to stu and
vanishes for forward scattering. Thus the optical theorem cannot be applied to
show positivity. Instead the anomaly flow is given by a dispersion sum rule in
which the integrand does not have definite sign. It may be possible to base a
proof of the a-theorem on the analyticity and unitarity properties of the
6-point function, but our preliminary study reveals some difficulties.Comment: 41 pages, 5 figure
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