Analisis Struktur Daerah Integral dari Himpunan Polinomial Berdasarkan Struktur Polinomial Gelanggang

Himpunan R[x] polinomial dengan koefisien dari gelanggang R juga merupakan sebuah gelanggang dengan berbagai operasi polinomial jumlahan dan perkalian, dan bahwa R merupakan gelanggang bagian dari R[x]. Oleh karena itu akan ditunjukkan bahwa jika D adalah sebuah daerah integral maka demikian juga dengan himpunan polinomial dengan koefisien di dalam D, yaitu D[X]

Predictors for advanced fibrosis in participants with NAFLD in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2012 (n = 1936).

<p>Predictors for advanced fibrosis in participants with NAFLD in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2012 (n = 1936).</p

Weighted survival by NAFLD and fibrosis status based on NFS cutoffs in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010.

<p>NFS cutoffs for advanced fibrosis: low risk <-1.455, indeterminate risk -1.455–0.676, high risk >0.676.No NAFLD vs. NAFLD low risk: p = 0.015| No NAFLD vs. NAFLD indeterminate risk: p<0.001. No NAFLD vs. NAFLD high risk: p<0.001 |NAFLD low risk of advanced fibrosis vs NAFLD high risk of advanced fibrosis: p<0.001|</p

Risk factors for overall mortality in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 (n = 5,086).

<p>Risk factors for overall mortality in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 (n = 5,086).</p

Regional differences in treatment rates for patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis

<div><p>Background & aims</p><p>Treatment rates with interferon-based therapies for chronic hepatitis C have been low. Our aim was to perform a systematic review of available data to estimate the rates and barriers for antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS through March 2016 and abstracts from recent major liver meetings for primary literature with available hepatitis C treatment rates. Random-effects models were used to estimate effect sizes and meta-regression to test for potential sources of heterogeneity.</p><p>Results</p><p>We included 39 studies with 476,443 chronic hepatitis C patients. The overall treatment rate was 25.5% (CI: 21.1–30.5%) and by region 34% for Europe, 28.3% for Asia/Pacific, and 18.7% for North America (<i>p</i> = 0.008). On multivariable meta-regression, practice setting (tertiary vs. population-based, <i>p</i> = 0.04), region (Europe vs. North America <i>p</i> = 0.004), and data source (clinical chart review vs. administrative database, <i>p</i> = 0.025) remained significant predictors of heterogeneity. The overall treatment eligibility rate was 52.5%, and 60% of these received therapy. Of the patients who refused treatment, 16.2% cited side effects, 13.8% cited cost as reasons for treatment refusal, and 30% lacked access to specialist care.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Only one-quarter of chronic hepatitis C patients received antiviral therapy in the pre-direct acting antiviral era. Treatment rates should improve in the new interferon-free era but, cost, co-morbidities, and lack of specialist care will likely remain and need to be addressed. Linkage to care should even be of higher priority now that well-tolerated cure is available.</p></div

Pooled treatment ineligibility rates for patients with chronic hepatitis C, by reasons for ineligibility.

<p>Pooled treatment ineligibility rates for patients with chronic hepatitis C, by reasons for ineligibility.</p

Characteristics of included studies.

<p>Characteristics of included studies.</p

Pooled treatment rates for patients with chronic hepatitis C, by region.

<p>Pooled treatment rates for patients with chronic hepatitis C, by region.</p

Overall pooled treatment rate for all patients with chronic hepatitis C.

<p>Overall pooled treatment rate for all patients with chronic hepatitis C.</p

Meta-regression for predictors for antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C.

<p>Meta-regression for predictors for antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C.</p