8,163 research outputs found

    Relation of Shift Magnitude of Alkyl Substituents to Aromatic Substitution Patterns

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    A thesis presented to the faculty of the School of Science and Mathematics at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Michael E. Evans on July 27, 1972

    LEADING CHANGE: CONVINCING PEOPLE AGAINST THE STATUS QUO

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate resistance to change. This is a well-documented phenomenon in the change literature. Overcoming this resistance is a critical component to effective change leadership. Methodology: A structured interview technique was employed using a survey instrument that guided the interview pro- cess. Interviews were completed with 89 individuals. A snowball sampling technique was employed beginning with 30 undergraduate students who each completed the interview. Main Findings: This research indicates that individuals who are dissatisfied with the status quo are less likely to resist change.  Individuals who perceived that the current status served them well and met their current needs were less likely  to embrace or support proposed changes to the status quo. This perception demonstrates risk aversion to potential losses. Conversely, individuals who perceived that the current state did not serve them well or meet their current needs and interests were more likely to embrace and support proposed changes to the status quo demonstrating risk - seeking in the face of potential gains. Implications: The results can be applied as an effective method for moving people through the change process by convinc- ing them that the current situation has low utility. Novelty: This paper is one of only a few instances where Prospect Theory and loss aversion has been linked to resistance to change

    Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Measurements of Ordinary Chondrite (OC) Meteorites from Antarctica Indicate Distinct Carbonate Species Using a Stepped Acid Extraction Procedure

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    The purpose of this study is to characterize the stable isotope values of terrestrial, secondary carbonate minerals from five Ordinary Chondrite (OC) meteorites collected in Antarctica. These samples were identified and requested from NASA based upon their size, alteration history, and collection proximity to known Martian meteorites. They are also assumed to be carbonate-free before falling to Earth. This research addresses two questions involving Mars carbonates: 1) characterize terrestrial, secondary carbonate isotope values to apply to Martian meteorites for isolating in-situ carbonates, and 2) increase understanding of carbonates formed in cold and arid environments with Antarctica as an analog for Mars. Two samples from each meteorite, each approximately 0.5 grams, were crushed and dissolved in pure phosphoric acid for 3 sequential reactions: a) R times 0 for 1 hour at 30 degrees Centigrade (fine calcite extraction), b) R times 1 for 18 hours at 30 degrees Centigrade (course calcite extraction), and c) R times 2 for 3 hours at 150 degrees Centigrade (siderite and/or magnesite extraction). CO (sub 2) was distilled by freezing with liquid nitrogen from each sample tube, then separated from organics and sulfides with a TRACE GC using a Restek HayeSep Q 80/100 6 foot 2 millimeter stainless column, and then analyzed on a Thermo MAT 253 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) in Dual Inlet mode. This system was built at NASA/JSC over the past 3 years and proof-tested with known carbonate standards to develop procedures, assess yield, and quantify expected error bands. Two distinct species of carbonates are found: 1) calcite, and 2) non-calcite carbonate (future testing will attempt to differentiate siderite from magnesite). Preliminary results indicate the terrestrial carbonates are formed at approximately sigma (sup 13) C equal to plus 5 per mille, which is consistent with atmospheric CO (sub 2) sigma (sup 13) C equal to minus 7 per mille and fractionation of plus12 per mille based upon polar temperature of -20 degrees Centigrade. The oxygen values fractionate sigma (sup 18) O equal to minus 10-20 per mille lighter between the R times 0 and R times 1 reactions at 30 degrees Centigrade. The carbonate oxygen isotope measurements are consistently heavier than expected with meteoric water and temperatures from Antarctica, perhaps due to secondary carbonate formation during curation in Houston, TX

    The biomechanical role of the chondrocranium and sutures in a lizard cranium

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    The role of soft tissues in skull biomechanics remains poorly understood. Not least, the chondrocranium, the portion of the braincase which persists as cartilage with varying degrees of mineralization. It also remains commonplace to overlook the biomechanical role of sutures despite evidence that they alter strain distribution. Here, we examine the role of both the sutures and the chondrocranium in the South American tegu lizard Salvator merianae. We use multi-body dynamics analysis (MDA) to provide realistic loading conditions for anterior and posterior unilateral biting and a detailed finite element model to examine strain magnitude and distribution. We find that strains within the chondrocraniumare greatest during anterior biting and are primarily tensile; also that strain within the cranium is not greatly reduced by the presence of the chondrocraniumunless it is given the same material properties as bone. This result contradicts previous suggestions that the anterior portion (the nasal septum) acts as a supporting structure. Inclusion of sutures to the cranium model not only increases overall strain magnitudes but also leads to a more complex distribution of tension and compression rather than that of a beam under sagittal bending

    Family Business and Multiple Levels of Conflict

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    Family businesses are fertile fields for conflict. The influence of the founding families on the basic tenets and culture of the company may be unparalleled in business. When attempts are made to modify the family business as it progresses to another stage of development, conflict may arise. Due to the verlay of the company culture and individual family units, the means to resolve conflict becomes a very intricate process. This article examines a means to predict conflict relative to the phases of development of a family business. In addition, multiple levels of conflict are examined as well as the appropriate resolution process for the differing levels of conflict.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

    Horticultural Studies 2002

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    Descriptions of membrane mechanics from microscopic and effective two-dimensional perspectives

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    Mechanics of fluid membranes may be described in terms of the concepts of mechanical deformations and stresses, or in terms of mechanical free-energy functions. In this paper, each of the two descriptions is developed by viewing a membrane from two perspectives: a microscopic perspective, in which the membrane appears as a thin layer of finite thickness and with highly inhomogeneous material and force distributions in its transverse direction, and an effective, two-dimensional perspective, in which the membrane is treated as an infinitely thin surface, with effective material and mechanical properties. A connection between these two perspectives is then established. Moreover, the functional dependence of the variation in the mechanical free energy of the membrane on its mechanical deformations is first studied in the microscopic perspective. The result is then used to examine to what extent different, effective mechanical stresses and forces can be derived from a given, effective functional of the mechanical free energy.Comment: 37 pages, 3 figures, minor change
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