Grades 11- 12 Jacksonian Democracy

This lesson is a social studies lesson for grades 11 and 12 on Jacksonian democracy. Through this lesson students will be able to understand the characteristics of Jacksonian democracy, expanded suffrage, the importance of elected officials, the supremacy of federal over state, and the Indian removal. Students will have an understanding of the positive and negative aspects of this era. In this lesson, the class will be tiered into groups based on ability and interest where students will collaborate to create a news broadcast about the time period

Rational's experience using Ada for very large systems

The experience using the Rational Environment has confirmed the advantages forseen when the project was started. Interactive syntatic and semantic information makes a tremendous difference in the ease of constructing programs and making changes to them. The ability to follow semantic references makes it easier to understand exisiting programs and the impact of changes. The integrated debugger makes it much easier to find bugs and test fixes quickly. Taken together, these facilites have helped greatly in reducing the impact of ongoing maintenance of the ability to produce a new code. Similar improvements are anticipated as the same level of integration and interactivity are achieved for configuration management and version control. The environment has also proven useful in introducing personnel to the project and existing personnel to new parts of the system. Personnel benefit from the assistance with syntax and semantics; everyone benefits from the ability to traverse and understand the structure of unfamiliar software. It is often possible for someone completely unfamiliar with a body of code to use these facilities, to understand it well enough to successfully with a body of code to use these facilities to understand it well enough to successfully diagnose and fix bugs in a matter of minutes

Antitrust Error

Fueled by economics, antitrust has evolved into a highly sophisticated body of law. Its malleable doctrine enables courts to tailor optimal standards to a wide variety of economic phenomena. Indeed, economic theory has been so revolutionary that modern U.S. competition law bears little resemblance to that which prevailed fifty years ago. Yet, for all the contributions of economics, its explanatory powers are subject to important limitations. Profound questions remain at the borders of contemporary antitrust enforcement, but answers remain elusive. It is because of the epistemological limitations of economic analysis that antitrust remains unusually vulnerable to error. The fear of mistakenly ascribing anticompetitive labels to innocuous conduct is now pervasive. The Supreme Court has repeatedly framed its rulings in a manner that shows sensitivity to the unavoidability of error. In doing so, it has adopted the principle of decision theory that Type I errors are generally to be preferred over Type II. It has crafted a pro-defendant body of jurisprudence accordingly. In 2008, the Justice Department picked up the gauntlet and published the first definitive attempt at extrapolating optimal error rules. Yet, in 2009, the new administration promptly withdrew the report, opining that it could “separate the wheat from the chaff” and thus marginalizing the issue of error. Notwithstanding this confident proclamation, error remains as visible as ever. Intel’s behavior in offering rebates has been subject to wildly fluctuating analysis by the U.S. and E.U. enforcement agencies. In a marked departure from precedent, the DOJ is again viewing vertical mergers with concern. And the agency has reversed course on the legality of exclusionary payments in the pharmaceutical industry. Antitrust divergence, both within and outside the United States, remains painfully apparent, demonstrable proof that vulnerability to error remains systemic. For this reason, error analysis may be the single most important unresolved issue facing modern competition policy. This Article seeks to challenge the contemporary mode of error analysis in antitrust law. We explain the causes and consequences of antitrust error and articulate a variety of suggested cures. In doing so, we debunk the current presumption that false positives are necessarily to be preferred over false negatives. We highlight a variety of cases in which the contemporary bias in favor of underenforcement should be revisited

Antitrust Error

Fueled by economics, antitrust has evolved into a highly sophisticated body of law. Its malleable doctrine enables courts to tailor optimal standards to a wide variety of economic phenomena. Indeed, economic theory has been so revolutionary that modern U.S. competition law bears little resemblance to that which prevailed fifty years ago. Yet, for all the contributions of economics, its explanatory powers are subject to important limitations. Profound questions remain at the borders of contemporary antitrust enforcement, but answers remain elusive. It is because of the epistemological limitations of economic analysis that antitrust remains unusually vulnerable to error. The fear of mistakenly ascribing anticompetitive labels to innocuous conduct is now pervasive. The Supreme Court has repeatedly framed its rulings in a manner that shows sensitivity to the unavoidability of error. In doing so, it has adopted the principle of decision theory that Type I errors are generally to be preferred over Type II. It has crafted a pro-defendant body of jurisprudence accordingly. In 2008, the Justice Department picked up the gauntlet and published the first definitive attempt at extrapolating optimal error rules. Yet, in 2009, the new administration promptly withdrew the report, opining that it could “separate the wheat from the chaff” and thus marginalizing the issue of error. Notwithstanding this confident proclamation, error remains as visible as ever. Intel’s behavior in offering rebates has been subject to wildly fluctuating analysis by the U.S. and E.U. enforcement agencies. In a marked departure from precedent, the DOJ is again viewing vertical mergers with concern. And the agency has reversed course on the legality of exclusionary payments in the pharmaceutical industry. Antitrust divergence, both within and outside the United States, remains painfully apparent, demonstrable proof that vulnerability to error remains systemic. For this reason, error analysis may be the single most important unresolved issue facing modern competition policy. This Article seeks to challenge the contemporary mode of error analysis in antitrust law. We explain the causes and consequences of antitrust error and articulate a variety of suggested cures. In doing so, we debunk the current presumption that false positives are necessarily to be preferred over false negatives. We highlight a variety of cases in which the contemporary bias in favor of underenforcement should be revisited

Leaf movements and Darwin - A novel adaptive perspective on an old conundrum

Darwin (1880) proposed a role for nyctinastic circadian driven leaf movements in the conservation of meristemic heat. We have shown that in Arabidopsis thaliana, a highly r-strategist weed, such movements may play a novel role facilitating competition for light between individual plants through an action characterized by leaf overtopping. Experiments have been conducted investigating the adaptive role of this mechanism, in which wild type was put into direct spatial competition with the arrhythmic circadian clock mutant, lhy-1. Two different light regimes (16 hour day, 8 hour night and continuous light) were used in an effort to determine under which conditions competition, as measured by image analysis of leaf area from an aerial view, was maximized. It was found that the day/night cycle regime conferred a selective advantage on wild type. It consistently out-competed lhy-1, acquiring a total leaf exposure area that was at least 25% greater than lhy-1. Under continuous light conditions the advantage was gained by lhy-1 indicating that such an environment is negatively-selective with respect to circadian leaf movements. These experimental results compliment the findings of similar experiments conducted using arrhythmic circadian mutants of the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongates (Woelfle et al., 2004). These data are indicative of an adaptive role for circadian driven leaf movements in A. thaliana as a resource-seeking aid in competition.Darwin, C.R., 1880. The Power of Movement in Plants. John Murray, London.Woelfle, M.A., Ouyang, Y., Phanvijhitsiri, K., Johnson, C.H., 2004. Current Biology, 14, 1481–1486

Developing a Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages

National Foreign Language Resource CenterThe fluctuating fortunes of Northern Territory bilingual education programs in Australian languages and English have put at risk thousands of books developed for these programs in remote schools. In an effort to preserve such a rich cultural and linguistic heritage, the Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages project is establishing an open access, online repository comprising digital versions of these materials. Using web technologies to store and access the resources makes them accessible to the communities of origin, the wider academic community, and the general public. The process of creating, populating, and implementing such an archive has posed many interesting technical, cultural and linguistic challenges, some of which are explored in this pape

Attitudes Towards Vaccination Among Medical Students: A Two-Site Study

Introduction: Mandatory immunization for school age children in the 20th Century led to a substantial decline in infectious disease. All US states allow medical exemptions from immunizations with 49 permitting additional religious exemptions and 19 permitting additional philosophical exemptions. Vaccine exemptions have lead to an increase in the incidence of disease outbreaks. Healthcare providers play a critical role in educating parents about the benefits and risks of immunizations. This project compares student attitudes and knowledge regarding vaccination at medical schools in two distinct states: one with no additional exemptions (West Virginia) and one with both additional exemptions (Vermont).https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/comphp_gallery/1218/thumbnail.jp

Non-Relativistic QCD for Heavy Quark Systems

We employ a nonrelativistic version of QCD (NRQCD) to study heavy quark-antiquark bound states in the lowest approximation without fine structure. We use gluon configurations on a 16^3 by 48 lattice at beta=6.2 from the UKQCD collaboration. For quark masses in the vicinity of the b we obtain bound state masses for S, P and both types of D wave. We also detect signals for two types of hybrids (quark,antiquark,gluon states). The results are sufficiently accurate to confirm that the values of the D wave mass from both lattice D waves coincide indicating that the cubical invariance of the lattice is restored to full rotational invariance at large distance. Our results also show that the S-P splitting is indeed insensitive to variations in the bare quark mass from Ma=1.0 to Ma=1.9.Comment: 13 pages, DAMTP-92-7