Stability plots, under the assumption of no host self-regulation.

<p>Regions shaded light grey correspond to a stable equilibrium, dark grey regions correspond to 2-point limit cycles, and regions shaded black correspond to higher-period cycles or chaotic dynamics; (A) β<i>_f</i> = β<i>_m</i> = 2.5; (B) β<i>_f</i> = 1.25 and β<i>_m</i> = 3.75. Other parameters are: α = 0.495, γ<i>₁</i> = 0, γ₂ = 0.005 and δ = 1.</p

Population dynamics with unbiased parasitism.

<p>(A) α  = 0.08, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.46; (B) α  = 0.3, γ<i>₁</i> = γ₂ = 0.35; (C) α  = 0.5, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.25; (D) α = 0.7, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.15. Other parameters are: β<i>_f</i> = β<i>_m</i> = 1.2, <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = 0.4, μ<i>_m</i> = 1.6 and δ = 0.2.</p

Population dynamics in the absence of parasitism.

<p>(A) <i>h</i> = 1, μ<i>_f</i> = μ<i>_m</i> = 1; (B) <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = μ<i>_m</i> = 1; (C) <i>h</i> = 1, μ<i>_f</i> = 0.4, μ_m = 1.6; (D) <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = 0.4, μ<i>_m</i> = 1.6. The rate of vertical transmission is δ = 0.2.</p

Population dynamics with male-biased parasitism.

<p>(A) β<i>_f</i> = β<i>_m</i> = 1.2; (B) β<i>_f</i> = 0.6, β<i>_m</i> = 1.8. Other parameters are: <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = 0.4, μ<i>_m</i> = 1.6, α = 0.5, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.25 and δ  = 0.2.</p

Definition of symbols.

<p>Definition of symbols.</p

Population dynamics with unbiased and male-biased parasitism.

<p>(A) <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = μ<i>_m</i> = 1, α = 0.97, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.015, β<i>_f</i> = β<i>_m</i> = 1.2; (B) same as (A) except β<i>_f</i> = 0.6 and β<i>_m</i> = 1.8; (C) <i>h</i> = 10, μ<i>_f</i> = 0.4, μ<i>_m</i> = 1.6, α = 0.97, γ<i>₁</i> = γ<i>₂</i> = 0.015, β<i>_f</i> = β<i>_m</i> = 1.2; (D) same as (C) except that β<i>_f</i> = 0.6 and β<i>_m</i> = 1.8. The rate of vertical transmission is δ = 0.2.</p

Pastok et al Stockholm phenology

Data supporting Figure 2 and Figure 3

The effect of sub-curative antibiotic doses on zebrafish embryos infected with a variety of pathogens.

<p>Embryos were infected with a 1∶1 mixture of (A) <i>S. aureus</i> NewHG EryR∶TetR bacteria (treated with 2.5 µg/ml tetracycline), (B) <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1-L GmR∶TetR bacteria (treated with 50 µg/ml tetracycline), (C) <i>S. aureus</i> BH1CC OxS∶OxR bacteria (treated with 32 µg/ml oxacillin) or (D) <i>S. aureus</i> SH1000 EryR∶TetR bacteria (treated with 100 µg/ml erythromycin). Terminal sensitive/resistant strain ratio per embryo is shown in each case. Solid lines indicate median values.</p

The bacterial strain distribution in mouse organs at various time-points post infection.

<p>Mice were infected with a 1∶1∶1 mixture of three marked <i>S. aureus</i> NewHG strains (n = 8–10 mice per time-point). (A) The change in total CFU load over time in each organ (BD: below limit of detection). (B) The number of organs at each time-point that show either single-strain dominance (one strain ≥100× the other two), double-strain dominance (two strains ≥100× the third), spread dominance (highest and lowest strains differ by ≥100×, with the middle strain within 100× of both) or no dominance (all strains are within 100× of one another).</p

The effect of sub-curative antibiotic doses on mice infected with <i>S. aureus</i> NewHG.

<p>Mice were infected intravenously with a 1∶1 mixture of NewHG EryR∶TetR bacteria and were treated by replacing their drinking water with the indicated concentrations of tetracycline prior to sacrifice two days later. (A) Total CFU per mouse at experimental endpoint. (B) Total EryR/TetR strain ratio per mouse at experimental endpoint. Solid lines indicate mean (A) and median (B) values.</p