53 research outputs found
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Gut thinking: the gut microbiome and mental health beyond the head
Background: In recent decades, dominant models of mental illness have become increasingly focused on the head, with mental disorders being figured as brain disorders. However, research into the active role that the microbiome-gut-brain axis plays in affecting mood and behaviour may lead to the conclusion that mental health is more than an internalised problem of individual brains.
Objective: This article explores the implications of shifting understandings about mental health that have come about through research into links between the gut microbiome and mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. It aims to analyse the different ways that the lines between mind and body and mental and physical health are re-shaped by this research, which is starting to inform clinical and public understanding.
Design: As mental health has become a pressing issue of political and public concern it has become increasingly constructed in socio-cultural and personal terms beyond clinical spaces, requiring a conceptual response that exceeds biomedical inquiry. This article argues that an interdisciplinary critical medical humanities approach is well positioned to analyse the impact of microbiome-gut-brain research on conceptions of mind.
Results: The entanglement of mind and matter evinced by microbiome-gut-brain axis research potentially provides a different way to conceptualise the physical and social concomitants of mental distress.
Conclusion: Mental health is not narrowly located in the head but is assimilated by the physical body and intermingled with the natural world, requiring different methods of research to unfold the meanings and implications of gut thinking for conceptions of human selfhood
The antidepressant-like effects of pioglitazone in a chronic mild stress mouse model are associated with PPARÎł-mediated alteration of microglial activation phenotypes
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
CFD Research on the Influence of 45° Disk Turbine Agitator Blade Diameter on the SolidâLiquid Mixing Characteristics of the Cone-Bottom Stirred Tank
Histeria e somatização: o que mudou?
OBJETIVO: Propor um questionamento sobre o enfoque que se tem dado Ă histeria num contexto de classificaçÔes diagnĂłsticas progressivamente mais tĂ©cnicas e restritivas; investigar o que pode estar sendo negligenciado quanto aos complexos aspectos de funcionamento inerentes Ă condição histĂ©rica. MĂTODO: RevisĂŁo da literatura relevante sobre o tema, a evolução histĂłrica de seu conceito e suas correlaçÔes clĂnicas. RESULTADOS: DescriçÔes clĂnicas da histeria existem hĂĄ quase 2 mil anos, com pormenores que pouco diferem dos de descriçÔes mais recentes. A histeria parece permanecer em grande parte incompreendida pela medicina; restam importantes lacunas de conhecimento sobre o que teria tomado, na atualidade, o lugar dos antigos sintomas histĂ©ricos. Sabe-se, porĂ©m, que inĂșmeras categorias nosogrĂĄficas surgiram nas Ășltimas dĂ©cadas, como a fibromialgia, a sensibilidade quĂmica mĂșltipla, a somatização etc., Ă s vezes com alto grau de imprecisĂŁo conceitual. CONCLUSĂO: O construto histeria vem se fragmentando cada vez mais nas sucessivas classificaçÔes diagnĂłsticas, sem que essa fragmentação favoreça uma maior compreensĂŁo de seu significado e de seu enredo. A descrição cada vez mais refinada dos manuais classificatĂłrios, com a eliminação da expressĂŁo "histeria", nĂŁo parece ter representado uma estratĂ©gia adequada para um entendimento aprofundado dessa condição, tampouco para um melhor manejo clĂnico desses pacientes
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