Layoutsynthese für integrierte Bipolar-Analogschaltungen mit ALSYN

Das regelgesteuerte Layoutsynthesewerkzeug ALSYN zeichnet sich durch sein besonders flexibles Konzept aus. Nachdem bereits Einsatzerfahrungen im MOS-Bereich vorlagen, wurden jetzt auch Bipolarschaltungen erfolgreich synthetisiert, ohne das Konzept ändern zu müssen. Der Artikel beschreibt die Ansätze für die dabei eingesetzten Regeln und Modulgeneratoren. Weiterhin werden erste Anwendungsergebnisse des neuentwickelten rasterfreien Verdrahters vorgestellt

Integrierte Signalverarbeitung fuer Infrarot-Sensoren

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F02B1301 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

ELAN - Effiziente Layoutentwurfsmethodik fuer analog-digitale Systeme Abschlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F02B336 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

Analog Expert Design System (AEDS) Abschlussbericht

Design automation has reached a considerable level in the digital field at the beginning of the project, whereas for analog and mixed analog/digital design it lags far behind. Therefore it has been the main objective of the project 'Analog Expert Design System' to support an environment for the analog and mixed analog/digital IC- and system design, which assures optimized performance combined with short time to market. Tools for analysis of analog and mixed analog/digital circuits were improved by new methods. In the field of analog circuit synthesis tools were evaluated and improved on the basis of knowledge and experience of analog experts. For the layout synthesis of analog circuits a new tool has been developed. For the verification of these tools an example library was designed including functional macro-models, layout module generators as well as acquired, documented and coded knowledge for analog circuit design. Furthermore new tools were implemented into frameworks or design environments. The work performed improved analog and mixed analog/digital design considerably. On this basis further development work will be done to make analog design even more effective and to close the gap between the design of digital and analog or mixed analog/digital circuits. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F95B1200+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Analog expert design system Final report (1995-1996)

The main objective of this JESSI project was the development of methods and tools for the analog and mixed analog/digital circuit design. During phase II of the project ('92-'94) major progress was achieved in the area of tools supporting and improving the different steps of the design flow. Based on these results the goals for phase III ('95-'96) were defined, aiming at even more optimized tools to be used in the design flow. TEMIC put the main emphasis on the following topics: In the area of Analog Simulation a design centring tool was evaluated in practical use and substantially enhanced. A prototype tool performing thermal-electrical simulation was developed together with ANACAD. For the development of macro models VHDL-A was tested and the visual programming environment ViCE was created. For the verification of the electrical behaviour of circuits the tool NWB was developed, which is based on netlists. As a requirement for Circuit Synthesis TEMIC performed a systematic analysis and documentation of selected circuit classes. Symbolic analysis techniques were evaluated for the investigation of circuits. For the implementation of knowledge as well as execution of circuit synthesis the tool ACSYN was further enhanced. It is also well suited to explore the property-space of a circuit. The developed Layout Synthesis tool ALSYN was used in production and further enhanced concerning interactivity. Concurrently placement and routing algorithms were improved. A major step in increasing efficiency for analog layout design was done by using these tools. The developed compaction tool CAMBIO-XT was especially applied to layouts being transferred to a new process, showing also big reduction in design time. For the extraction of substrate parasitics improvements were achieved concerning handling of higher frequencies. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F97B906 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Renal Drug Transporters and Drug Interactions.

Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers