The conundrum of recurrent low-grade tumours: to treat or to observe?

Item does not contain fulltextPURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe the importance of risk stratification and the role of more conservative management like office fulguration, office laser ablation and active surveillance in recurrent low-grade Ta tumours. RECENT FINDINGS: Updated models have been designed for risk stratification of intermediate-risk tumours. Conservative forms of management like office fulguration or laser ablation and even active surveillance seem well tolerated; however, randomized, controlled trials are lacking. In patients who have been tumour free for 5 years, late recurrences have been described. SUMMARY: Recurrent low-grade Ta tumours are classified in the intermediate risk group, which is a heterogeneous group. Therefore, risk stratification should be done by updated models or patients should be stratified in a risk group sub-classification. Recurrent low-grade Ta patients have a favourable prognosis and consequently are prone to overtreatment. Office fulguration or laser ablation or even active surveillance could be implemented in strictly selected patients. For active surveillance, Miyake et al. proposed a helpful flowchart with criteria for patient selection and for intervention. Follow up using cystoscopy and cytology is essential, but an optimal scheme has not been identified. As late recurrences are not infrequent and recurrent low-grade Ta patients can even die from bladder cancer, long term follow-up should be performed yearly, by cystoscopy and cytology

Inducible expression of catalytically active type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase in a human carcinoma cell line

Abstract Background One of the major cellular serine/threonine protein phosphatases is protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1). Studies employing many eukaryotic systems all point to a crucial role for PP1 activity in controlling cell cycle progression. One physiological substrate for PP1 appears to be the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (pRB), a demonstrated tumor suppressor. The growth suppressive activity of pRB is regulated by its phosphorylation state. Of critical importance is the question of the in vivo effect of PP1 activity on pRB and growth regulation. As a first step towards addressing this question, we developed an inducible PP1 expression system to investigate the regulation of PP1 activity. Results We have established a cell line for inducing protein expression of the type 1, alpha-isotype, serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP1α). A plasmid encoding a fusion protein of the catalytic subunit of PP1α with a 6-histidine peptide (6His) and a peptide from hemagluttinin (HA) was transfected into the UMUC3 transitional cell carcinoma cell line, previously transfected with the reverse tetracycline transactivator plasmid pUHD172-1neo. A stable cell line designated LLWO2F was established by selection with hygromycin B. 6His-HA-PP1α protein appeared in cell lysates within two hours following addition of doxycycline to the culture medium. This protein localizes to the nucleus as does endogenous PP1α, and was shown to associate with PNUTS, a PP1-nuclear targeting subunit. Like endogenous PP1α, immunocomplexed 6His-HA-PP1α is active toward phosphorylase a and the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, pRB. When forcibly overexpressing 6His-HA-PP1α, there is a concomitant decrease in endogenous PP1α levels. Conclusions These data suggest the existence of an autoregulatory mechanism by which PP1α protein levels and activity remain relatively constant. RT-PCR analyses of isolated polysome fractions support the notion that this putative autoregulatory mechanism is exerted, at least in part, at the translational level. Implications of these findings for the study of PP1α function in vivo are discussed.</p

BILITRANSLOCASE (BTL) IS IMMUNOLOCALISED IN PROXIMAL AND DISTAL RENAL TUBULES AND ABSENT IN RENAL CORTICAL TUMORS ACCURATELY CORRESPONDING TO INTRAOPERATIVE NEAR INFRARED FLUORESCENCE (NIRF) EXPRESSION OF RENAL CORTICAL TUMORS USING INTRAVENOUS INDOCYANINE GREEN (ICG)

bilitranslocase, human kidney, renal cortical tumors, marke

Expression of Cathepsin D in Bladder Carcinoma: Correlation with Pathological Features and Serum Cystatin C Levels

Aims and background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of cathepsin D in primary bladder cancer and to determine its relationship with conventional pathological features and serum cystatin C levels