Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum isolates from north-eastern Brazil

Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, there has been a significant increase in the number of histoplasmosis cases in Ceara, a state in north-east Brazil. The lack of epidemiological data on the genotypes circulating in the north-east region shows the importance of more detailed studies on the molecular epidemiology of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in this region. Different molecular techniques have been used to better characterize the genetic profile of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum strains. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic diversity of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum isolates in Fortaleza, the capital of Ceara, through the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region, and establish the molecular profile of these isolates, along with strains from south-east Brazil, by RAPD analysis, featuring the different clusters in those regions. The isolates were grouped into two clusters. Cluster 1 included strains from the south-east and north-east regions with separation of isolates into three distinct subgroups (subgroups 1a, 1 b and 1 c). Cluster 2 included only samples from north-east Brazil. Sequencing of the ITS1 -5.8S-ITS2 region allowed the detection of two major clades, which showed geographical correlation between them and their subgroups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the H. capsulatum var. capsulatum isolates from Ceara have a high degree of genetic polymorphism. The molecular data also confirm that populations of this fungus are composed of different genotypes in Brazil and worldwide.National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)[562296/2010-7, 552161/2011-0, 304779/2011-3, 473025/2012-4]Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) [2103/2009

Histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Ceara, Brazil: clinical-laboratory aspects and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum isolates

This study contains a descriptive analysis of histoplasmosis in AIDS patients between 2006 and 2010 in the state of Ceara, Brazil. Additionally, the in vitro susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum isolates obtained during this period was assessed. We report 208 cases of patients with histoplasmosis and AIDS, describing the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic aspects. the in vitro antifungal susceptibility test was carried out by the microdilution method, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, with H. capsulatum in the filamentous and yeast phases, against the antifungals amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin. in 38.9% of the cases, histoplasmosis was the first indicator of AIDS and in 85.8% of the patients the CD4 cell count was lower than 100 cells/mm(3). the lactate dehydrogenase levels were high in all the patients evaluated, with impairment of hepatic and renal function and evolution to death in 42.3% of the cases. the in vitro susceptibility profile demonstrated there was no antifungal resistance among the isolates evaluated. There was a significant increase in the number of histoplasmosis cases in HIV-positive patients during the period surveyed in the state of Ceara, northeastern Brazil, but no antifungal resistance among the recovered isolates of H. capsulatum. (C) 2012 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Univ Fed Ceara, Specialized Med Mycol Ctr, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Postgrad Program Med Microbiol, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Postgrad Program Med Sci, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Estadual Ceara, Postgrad Program Vet Sci, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Dept Stat & Appl Math, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilHosp Sao Jose, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 562296/2010-7CNPq: 552161/2011-0CNPq: 304779/2011-3CAPES: 2103/2009Web of Scienc