A study in Authorship Attribution: The Federalist Papers

In order to authorship attribution techniques, the Federalist Papers have been applied as a testing-ground that twelve of which are claimed by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. The value of novel stylometric techniques through implementation of them to the Federalist problem is what the paper subjects to. Support vector machines and nearest neighbor techniques alongside Artificial Neural Network techniques are used for classification of selected disputed paper. Encouraging results achieved in the research

Authorship Categorization With Neural Network

This paper explores the use of neural networks in author classification. Also exploring the effect of stylometry is another aim of the research. Choosing the algorithm and descriptors are important issues in the research. In this paper methods for the multi-topic machine learning of an authorship attribution classifier were investigated using texts from novels as the data set. Artificial neural network is proposed to classify the texts of authors using a set of lexical descriptors and feed-forward neural network using back propagation. The result shows that Turkish authors Peyami Safa, Orhan Pamuk and Mustafa Necati Sepetcioglu’s two novels are successfully classified

Better Features Sets for Authorship Attribution of Short Messages

Authorship authentication analysis can help to display information about the writers of messages by analyzing the writing styles. Previous researches in the authorship authentication were showed that generally people have their unique stylistic discriminators and characteristics, just like their fingerprints or signature. In this concept, researchers are developing different analysis features and techniques and have gained remarkable results in the authorship identification research field. Authorship authentication of online messages became an outstanding research topic in the last decades because of internet usage growth. One of the problems of authorship authentication analysis regarding online sources is short messages usage. Author identification techniques are started to be applied to short and informal texts in last decade and get very significant results. Authorship authentication is one of the security concerns in social network and in this research we will study how to authenticate a user by the writing style in a short text posted on Twitter. The effects of different feature sets and sample sizes are evaluated in the research

Authorship Authentication for Twitter Messages Using Support Vector Machine

With the rapid growth of internet usage, authorship authentication of online messages became challenging research topic in the last decades. In this paper, we used a team of support vector machines to authenticate 5 Twitter authors’ messages. SVM is one of the commonly used and strong classification algorithms in authorship attribution problems. SVM maps the linearly non separable input data to a higher dimensional space by a hyperplane via radial base functions. Firstly using the training data, 10 hyperplanes that separate pair wise five authors training data are built. Then the expertise of these SVMs combined to classify the testing data into five classes. 20 tweets with 16 features from each author were used for evaluation. In spite of the randomly choice of the features, one of the author accuracy around 75% is achieved

THE EFFECTS OF PROTECTIONIST POLICIES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Globalisation, which is the most important feature of the new economic world order, reflects the elimination of all barriers to trade of goods and services among countries. Liberalisation of the international trade is the sine qua non condition of the new economic order. As the sources are limited and needs are limitless, no country can meet their needs with their own sources. Therefore, international economic relations are emerged as the most significant element of global foreign trade. Liberalisation movement has especially accelerated after the Second World War. Governments cannot implement any protectionist policy in terms of their interests as the practices that started with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then continued with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have restricted protectionist measures. Although free trade is robust in theory as a requirement of globalisation, in practice it is hard to see international trade of goods and services without any restriction. Thanks to international treaties, tariffs were reduced, however, invisible barriers to trade have emerged. Governments have usually applied protectionist policies, particularly following the global financial crises, though they engaged with the principles of globalisation. As long as protectionist policies have been implemented, neoliberal paradigm has temporarily shifted. Moreover, developing countries have difficulties as protectionist measures bring several standards in practice. It is therefore argued in this study that protectionist measures create a paradox in terms of free trade.&nbsp

Authorship Authentication of Short Messages from Social Networks Machines

Dataset consists of 17000 tweets collected from Twitter, as 500 tweets for each of 34 authors that meet certain criteria. Raw data is collected by using the software Nvivo. The collected raw data is preprocessed to extract frequencies of 200 features. In the data analysis 128 of features are eliminated since they are rare in tweets. As a progressive presentation, five – fifteen – twenty – twenty five – thirty and thirty four of these authors are selected each time. Since recurrent artificial neural networks are more stable and in general ANNs are more successful distinguishing two classes, for N authors, N×N neural networks are trained for pair wise classification. These experts then organized in N competing teams (CANNT) to aggregate decisions of these NXN experts. Then this procedure is repeated seven times and committees with seven members voted for final decision. By a commonest type voting, the accuracy is boosted around ten percent. Number of authors is seen not so effective on the accuracy of the authentication, and around 80% accuracy is achieved for any number of authors

Gut artriti ve asemptomatik hiperürisemisi olan bireylerde metabolik sendrom ve beslenme durumlarının değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmada asemptomatik hiperürisemili ve gut artritli hastalarda beslenme durumunun belirlenmesi ve serum ürik asit düzeyi üzerine etkili olan beslenme ile ilgili risk faktörlerinin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca asemptomatik hiperürisemik hastalarda ve gut artriti gibi ürat kristal depolanmasına bağlı hastalıkların varlığında metabolik sendrom prevalansının araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmaya, Mayıs 2016–Ağustos 2016 tarihleri arasında Özel Lokman Hekim Ankara Hastanesi Dahiliye Polikliniği’ne başvuran 92 (%63.4) kadın, 53 (%36.6) erkek olmak üzere toplam 145 yetişkin birey dahil edilmiştir. Bireylerin sosyo-demografik özellikleri, fiziksel aktivite durumları ve beslenme alışkanlıkları anket formuna kaydedilmiştir. Bireylerin antropometrik ölçümleri alınmış, bazı biyokimyasal parametreleri analiz edilmiş ve 24 saatlik besin tüketim sıklığı kayıtları değerlendirilmiştir. Asemptomatik hiperürisemili ve gut artritli olmak üzere katılımcılar iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışmaya 80 asemptomatik hiperürisemisi olan ve 65 gut artritli hasta dahil edilmiştir. Gut artritli hastaların yaş ortalaması 41.1±12.0 yıl, asemptomatik hiperürisemili bireylerin yaş ortalaması ise 34.1±12.7 yıl olarak tespit edilmiştir. İki grup arasında yaş gruplarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p0.05). Çalışmada gut hastalarının günlük olarak aldıkları enerji miktarının 2380±783.96 kkal, asemptomatik hiperürisemili olguların ise 2320±600.87 kkal olduğu saptanmıştır. Gut artritli hastaların öğünlerin içeriğinde proteinden gelen enerji oranı %14.2 asemptomatik hiperürisemili olgularda %13.7 olup, önerilen sınırlar içerisinde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Gut atriti ve asemptomatik hiperürisemisi olan gruplarda öğün içerisinde yağlardan gelen enerji yüzdesi sırasıyla %47.9 ve %49.5 olarak saptanmış olup, önerilen değerin çok üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fruktoz alımı açısından yapılan değerlendirmede, hiperürisemik hastalarda fruktoz alımı kadınlarda daha fazla olduğu, gut artritli hastalar grubunda ise fruktoz alımı erkek hastalarda daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Biyokimyasal değerlendirmede, gut artritli hastalarda, asemptomatik hiperürisemili olgulara göre, trigliserit, ürik asit, CRP, ferritin, AST, ALT değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gut artritli hastalar arasında metabolik sendrom oranı %44.6 iken asemptomatik hiperürisemi olgularında bu oran %26.3 bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, hiperürisemiye ilişkin risk faktörlerine dair halkın bilinç ve farkındalık düzeyinin artırılması, serum ürik asit yüksekliği ile ilişkili olan gut artiti ve metabolik sendrom bileşenlerinin önüne geçilmesi için kişiye özgü beslenme ve yaşam tarzı değişikliklerinin yapılması önemlidir

Respiratory muscle strengths and its association with body composition and functional exercise capacity in non-obese young adults

Background. The assessment of cardiopulmonary problems, exercise capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength all depend on body composition, which is a crucial factor in determining human health. Objectives. The present study aimed to examine the effect of body composition and functional exercise capacity on respiratory muscle strength in young healthy adults. Material and methods. In the prospective study, sixty individuals aged between 18-25 years of age who were non-obese were evaluated in terms of body composition by body mass index, respiratory muscle strength by mouth pressure threshold and functional exercise capacities by six minute walking test and sit to stand test. Also, sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, height and weight of the participants were recorded. Results. The relationship between body density (BD) parameters and inspiratory muscle strength was found to be moderate (r = 0.394, p 0.05). Conclusions. Present study showed a significant correlation between body density and inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle strength. However, no correlation was found between body composition and functional exercise capacity and respiratory muscle strength. Body density increment will affect respiratory muscle strength negatively

A critical analysis of the effectiveness of the United Kingdom soil protection legislation from an ecosystem services perspective.

This research seeks to critically analyse the effectiveness of the United Kingdom (UK) legal framework for protecting soil and soil ecosystem services (ES). Soil is an incredibly complex, variable and – as its formation occurs over long periods of time compared to the lifespan of humans – non-renewable natural resource. It is the natural capital that provides the flow of most terrestrial ES, which are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems for survival and well-being. Soil ES are also a valuable aspect of the economy as most economic activities are impossible without functional soils. Soil degradation is one of the most serious global threats to ecosystem sustainability. Extensive soil degradation can lead to a decline in the capability of soil to provide ES along with several other negative consequences. Therefore, sustainable management of soil to increase its productivity and resistance to adverse natural and human impacts is crucial. To achieve this, the importance and value of soil and soil ES should be understood, recognised and integrated into environmental law and policy. To understand how the concept of ES and its value can be used for more sustainable policies and decisions, several researches have been undertaken. However, soil and soil ES – especially other than the provisioning services – are mostly overlooked in ES studies. Besides, soil could not draw enough attention in the UK environmental law and policy. Indeed, soil is not regulated through a comprehensive and coherent set of rules, which is an inherent defect of the European originated soil protection laws. Even though policies coming from the European Union (EU) in areas, such as agriculture, water, waste, chemicals, and prevention of industrial pollution indirectly contribute to soil protection, the focus of these policies is not soil. Therefore, these policies cannot guarantee a satisfactory level of soil protection. Moreover, while most threats to soils are due to economic activities many of which are steered by EU sector-related policies, soil protection is subject to national law, which typically deals with one specific threat, such as contamination. The need for a strong soil protection in the UK has been ignored by law makers for many years. Due to lack of information and incoherent administration of soil, this area of law has not seen progress as fast as air or water protection. Furthermore, the government has falsely claimed that there is a functioning soil protection framework and has argued that the subsidiarity principle requires regulation in addition to the European legislation only when needed. Additionally, that soil is subject to private ownership causes additional difficulties and implications in legislation. As seen in the EU policy, even though air and water regulations have aspects of soil protection, their focus is preventing deterioration of air and water quality, not protecting soil resources. Finally, whether soil issues emerging from land use, such as agriculture, industry, waste management and development are tackled properly is questionable. This research aims to develop a novel understanding of soil protection through the multidisciplinary approach of ES and provide policy recommendations in light of this perception. This research focuses on a number of gaps in the literature, namely the lack of legal analysis on soil protection laws and insufficient reflection on the importance of soils and their ES. The first chapter of this research will present a background on the topic, which will be followed by a literature review on the issues that are found in soil protection legislation, the concept of ES, the need for a new approach, how to operationalise the concept of ES, the ES approach, the classification and valuation of ES, criticism towards ES, the concept of ecosystem disservices, how these concepts are interrelated to soil and soil research. Following this, the second chapter will discuss the need for multidisciplinary research and introduce the Environmental Law Methodology. This research will use a modified version of this methodology. The third chapter of this study will demonstrate the importance of protecting soils and soil ES through studying their interactions with each other, soil functions and processes, and major soil threats. The fourth chapter will offer a brief introduction to the UK soil policy and ascertain the reasons why soils have been disregarded in the UK law and policy. In the fifth chapter, this research will critically analyse the effectiveness of soil protection legislation in the UK, including those that originated from the EU to identify their weaknesses. Using these results as a departing point, this research will make recommendations for a more robust policy, which offers soils stronger protection. To achieve this, the sixth chapter will introduce the Ecosystem Services Framework, which has been generated through an analysis of different methods of integrating the importance and value of soil and soil ES while considering legal, scientific, economic and societal pressures. The seventh chapter will conclude this study by showing how this framework can integrate the critical considerations introduced in the third chapter and respond to the challenges introduced in the fourth and fifth chapters

Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Specific Phobias: A Systematic Review

Specific phobia is defined as a notable and continuous fear of a certain object or a situation that particularly impairs daily life and functioning. It is also one of the most common psychological disorders. Exposure-based interventions are commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. However, some limitations of the standard methods require the need for alternative approaches. In light of this, the use of virtual reality technology in psychotherapy has become increasingly widespread in recent years and is now integrated with exposure therapy. Virtual reality provides real-time interaction using the computer-generated three-dimensional environment via variety oftechnological tools. Applications of virtual reality in exposure therapy have proven to be an important intervention method, especially in the psychopathologies such as specific phobias. In this study, virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias is systematically reviewed. Inclusion criteria were taken into account in the scanning performed in APA (PsycINFO), EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Ulakbim ve TRDizin databses following the PRISMA method. Following that, ten randomized controlled trials, which included adult participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia, examined the efficacy of virtual reality and exposure therapy compared to the control group, and the ones with full text could be accessed, were included in this systematic review. The included studies were evaluated in terms of sample attributes, primary measurement tools, research design, characteristics of the intervention and its efficacy. In general, the findings indicate the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy in reducing specific phobia symptoms. Follow-up studies support the long-term maintenance of the results