17 research outputs found
Does Private Islamic Schooling Promote Terrorism? An Analysis of the Educational Background of Successful American Homegrown Terrorists
- Author
- &
- A Bhatt
- A Biglan
- A G Powell
- A Gutmann
- A J Coulson
- A Lee
- A R Berner
- A S Bryk
- A Schbley
- Al Jazeera English
- B A Kareem
- B Hill
- B Manno
- C Deangelis
- C Hackett
- C Hackett
- C L Glenn
- D Carlson
- D E Campbell
- D Gambetta
- D Mcdonald
- E Berman
- E Bettinger
- E Hoffer
- F Fukuyama
- G Driessen
- G Forster
- G Mohme
- J Dronkers
- J Dronkers
- J Dronkers
- J E Chubb
- J E Mueller
- J Freilich
- J N Mills
- J P Greene
- J Smith
- J Stern
- J Stern
- J Tooley
- J Trivitt
- J Zine
- K Keyworth
- K Muralidharan
- L E Basford
- M A Weaver
- M Friedman
- M N Shafiq
- M R O&apos
- M S Merry
- M. Danish Shakeel
- O Roy
- P B Clark
- P Bergen
- P J Wolf
- P J Wolf
- P J Wolf
- Patrick J. Wolf
- R Dawkins
- R Hindery
- R Maranto
- R Pape
- S F Abernathy
- S Harris
- S Hussain
- S Lyons-Padilla
- S Oakford
- S Stotsky
- T Ahmad
- Ummid News
- W Durant
- W Edwards
- W G Howell
- W Laqueur
- Y Y Haddad
- Publication venue
- ScholarWorks@UARK
- Publication date
- 01/01/2017
- Field of study
Some commentators argue that private religious schools are less likely to inculcate the attributes of good citizenship than traditional public schools, specifically proposing that private Islamic schools are relatively more likely to produce individuals sympathetic to terrorism. This study offers a preliminary examination of the question by studying the educational backgrounds of Western educated terrorists. While data are limited, in accord with prior work findings indicate the vast majority of both Islamic and reactionary terrorists attended traditional public schools and had no religious education; hence findings suggest that early religious training and identification may actually encourage prosocial behavior
Propagandizing in the interest of war: A rhetorical study of the committee on public information
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Non-governmental religious schools in Europe: institutional opportunities, associational freedoms, and contemporary challenges
- Author
- Bader V.
- de Groof J.
- de Groof J.
- Dronkers J.
- Eisengruber C
- Glenn C. L.
- Glenn C. L.
- Glenn C. L.
- Glenn C. L.
- Glenn C. L.
- Glenn C. L.
- Green P.
- Harris N
- Hemerijck A
- Hunter-Henin M
- Legrand A.
- Mair P
- Marcel Maussen
- Maussen M.
- Maussen M.
- McKinney S. J.
- Merry M. S.
- Meuret D.
- Monsma S. V.
- O'Mahony C
- Olsen T. V.
- Pons X.
- Rogers Berner A
- Sahlberg P.
- Scheunpflug A.
- Veit Bader
- Wiborg S
- Witte J.
- Wolf P. J.
- Zoontjens P. J. J.
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Spatial imaginaries and collective identity in women’s human rights struggles in Honduras
- Author
- Alexander J. M.
- Alvarez S. E.
- Alvarez S. E.
- Alvarez S. E.
- Alvarez S. E.
- Atkinson R.
- Basu A.
- Brondo K. V.
- Chinchilla N. S.
- Dagnino E.
- Di Marco G.
- Escobar A.
- Fairglough N.
- Glenn E. N.
- Hassim S.
- Holloway J.
- Jelin E.
- Keck M.
- Lefebvre H.
- Maaret Jokela-Pansini
- Martin D. G.
- Massey D. B.
- McAdam D.
- Melucci A.
- Mendoza B.
- Mendoza B.
- Merry S. E.
- Naples N. A.
- Okazawa-Rey M.
- Sosa Iglesias J. E.
- Sundberg J.
- Taylor V.
- Vargas V.
- Vargas V.
- Villars R.
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
The Mediterranean Hybridity Project: At the Boundaries of Law and Culture
- Author
- A Riles
- Attwooll �r�c�
- Cotterrell
- Cotterrell
- Eg See
- G Maccormack
- Griffiths
- Griffiths
- Ibid
- Idem
- In
- J Smits
- K Reid
- L Heckendorn-Urscheler
- L Moccia
- Law Cotterrell
- Lawson
- Lucia Of St
- M Chiba
- M Davies
- M Van Hoecke
- M-M Kleinhans
- Menski
- Merry
- N Demleitner
- Nelken
- P S See
- Palmer
- Palmer
- Patrick Glenn
- Plessis Du
- R Cf
- R Ellickson
- Roderick Macdonald
- Ruskola See Also Mattei
- Santos De Sousa
- Santos De Sousa
- See
- See Donlan
- See Mattei
- See Smith
- See Touri
- Seán Patrick Donlan
- Sf Moore
- T B See
- Tamanaha
- Twining
- Woodman See
- �r�c�
- �r�c�
- �r�c�
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2011
- Field of study
SAVINGS AND LOAN FRAUD AS ORGANIZED CRIME: TOWARD A CONCEPTUAL TYPOLOGY OF CORPORATE ILLEGALITY*
- Author
- Abadinsky Howard
- Abolafia Mitchel Y.
- Adams James Ring
- Albanese Jay S.
- Anderson Annelise Graebner
- Asch Peter
- Bell Daniel
- Block Alan A.
- Block Alan A.
- Braithwaite John
- Brenner Joel Glenn
- Calavita Kitty
- Calavita Kitty
- Calavita Kitty
- Clinard Marshall B.
- Clinard Marshall B.
- Clinard Marshall B.
- Coleman James William
- Cressey Donald
- Cullen Francis T.
- Dowie Mark
- Edelhertz Herbert
- Eichler Ned
- Ermann M. David
- Geis Gilbert
- Geis Gilbert
- General Accounting Office
- General Accounting Office
- General Accounting Office
- Hagan John
- Hawkins Gordon
- HENRY N. PONTELL
- Hill G. Christian
- Jackson Brooks
- Kagan Robert
- Katz Jack
- Kefauver Estes
- KITTY CALAVITA
- Kriesberg Louis
- Levi Michael
- Levi Michael
- Maltz Michael D.
- Mayer Martin
- Meeker James W.
- Meeker James W.
- Morash Merry
- Nelli Humbert S.
- O'Shea James
- Pizzo Stephen
- President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
- Riedel Marc
- Salerno Ralph
- Schlegel Kip
- Schlegel Kip
- Scholz John
- Shapiro Susan P.
- Shapiro Susan P.
- Smith Dwight C.
- Smith Dwight C.
- Snider Laureen
- Staw Barry M.
- Sutherland Edwin H.
- Sutherland Edwin H.
- Sutherland Edwin H.
- Szockyj Elizabeth
- Tomasic Roman
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Congress House
- U.S. Department of Justice
- Vaughan Diane
- Weisburd David
- Wheeler Stanton
- White Lawrence J.
- Yeager Peter
- Publication venue
- 'Wiley'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Global Legal Pluralism
- Author
- Anders G
- Anderson GW
- Arnaud AJ
- Arthurs HW
- Arup C
- Barzilai G
- Beraudo JP
- Berger KP
- Berman PS
- Berman PS
- Berman PS
- Besson S
- Boden D
- Burke-White W
- Chanock M
- Chiba M
- Chiba M
- de Julios-Campuzano A
- de Ly F
- Delmas-Marty M
- Delmas-Marty M
- Denninger E
- Dezalay Y
- Dupret B
- Eberhard C
- Fisher T
- Gannagé L
- Gessner V
- Gilissen J
- Glenn HP
- Goldman DB
- Greenhouse CJ
- Griffiths A
- Griffiths A
- Griffiths J
- Guterman SL
- Günther K
- Günther K
- Jayme E.
- Kahn P
- Karavas V
- Kennedy D
- Kollewijn RD
- Lagarde P
- Levit JK
- Lipstein K
- Luhmann N
- Merry SE
- Michaels R
- Michaels R
- Molineaux C
- Moore SF
- Palmer VV
- Perez O
- Ralf Michaels
- Ralser E
- Reimann M
- Richman BD
- Riles A
- Santos BdS
- Sarfaty GA
- Schilling T
- Shah P
- Shah P
- Shahar I
- Sharafi M
- Sheleef L
- Slaughter AM
- Snyder F
- Szablowaski D
- Tamanaha BZ
- Teubner G
- Teubner G
- Teubner G
- Teubner G
- Teubner G
- Teubner G
- Tie W
- Tontti J
- Tsuk Mitchell D
- Twining W
- Twining W
- Uche UU
- Vec M
- von Benda-Beckmann F
- von Benda-Beckmann F
- von Benda-Beckmann F
- von Benda-Beckmann K
- von Mehren A
- Wai R
- Wilhelmsson T
- Woodman GR
- Woodman GR
- Örücü E
- Publication venue
- 'Annual Reviews'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training
- Author
- A Abadi
- A Baguet
- A Finkel
- A Hernandez
- A Naderi
- A Pingitore
- A Tappel
- AA Boldyrev
- AA Walter
- AB Hodgson
- AD Balgi
- AE Smith
- AG Nelson
- AH Lancha Junior
- AJ Braakhuis
- AJ Cochran
- AJ Cochran
- AJ Genders
- AL Green
- AM Jones
- AM Jones
- AR Coggan
- AV Kuznetsov
- B Egan
- B Egan
- B Lara
- B Piknova
- B Saunders
- B Saunders
- BB Fredholm
- C Foster
- C Granata
- C Lundby
- C Sale
- C Thomas
- C Thompson
- C Thompson
- C Yfanti
- C Yfanti
- CG Perry
- CR Correia-Oliveira
- D Hoetker
- D Morrison
- David J. Bishop
- DC Nieman
- DD Church
- DD Shill
- DJ Bishop
- DJ Muggeridge
- E Clementi
- E Hawke
- EG Rimer
- FJ Larsen
- G Begum
- G Froio de Araujo Dias
- G Oostenbrug
- G Paulsen
- GD Wadley
- GL Kent
- HJ Forman
- I Irrcher
- I Lee
- IM Sharman
- J Chwalbinska-Moneta
- J Danaher
- J Edge
- J Glenn
- J Olesen
- J Puype
- J Rothschild
- J Santana
- J Wang
- J Whitfield
- JA Hawley
- JC Boyett
- JC Kim
- JD Lawrence
- Jeffrey A. Rothschild
- JJ Knapik
- JK Schnuck
- JL Graef
- JL Temple
- JM Vieira
- JN Cobley
- JO Holloszy
- JO Lundberg
- JO Santana
- JR Hoffman
- JR Stout
- K Higashida
- K Southward
- K Stathopoulou
- KA Tomcik
- KJ Cole
- KJ Martins
- KL Jonvik
- KL Kendall
- KM Slattery
- KR Polley
- KT Cumming
- L Gliemann
- L Rokitzki
- L Zhao
- LA Gough
- LA Roberts
- LD Roberts
- LJ van Loon
- LJ Wylie
- LJ Wylie
- LJ Wylie
- LL Spriet
- LM Burke
- LP Turcotte
- LP Turcotte
- LR McNaughton
- LS Goncalves
- M Gross
- M McCracken
- M Ristow
- M-C Gomez-Cabrera
- M-C Gómez-Cabrera
- MA Van Nieuwenhoven
- MC Gomez-Cabrera
- MC Gomez-Cabrera
- MC Gomez-Cabrera
- MD Croitoru
- ME Percival
- MG Hollidge-Horvat
- MG Nikolaidis
- MH Malek
- MJ Abbott
- MJ Gibala
- MJ McKenna
- MT Borra
- MT Edge
- MW Driller
- N Ale-Agha
- N Guest
- N Hart
- N Hart
- N Preobrazenski
- NA Schwarz
- NA Strobel
- NV Margaritelis
- NW Kan
- P Meier
- P Peeling
- P Peeling
- P Skrobuk
- P Venditti
- PC Wootton-Beard
- PM Bellinger
- PM Bellinger
- PM Bellinger
- PM Christensen
- Q Jiang
- R Beaumont
- R DomÃnguez
- R Hannah
- R Rahimi
- R Wang
- RB Kreider
- RC Harris
- RE Sahl
- RJ Bryant
- RJ Maughan
- RL Jones
- RM Hobson
- S Asha Devi
- S De Smet
- S Park
- S Seiler
- SC Forbes
- SC Lane
- SE Yeo
- SJ Bailey
- SJ Padayatty
- SS Kulkarni
- ST Howe
- T Graham-Paulson
- T Hashimoto
- T Hayashi
- T Ichinose
- T Murase
- T Murase
- T Stellingwerff
- T Wallimann
- TD Scribbans
- TL Dutka
- TL Merry
- TR Moopanar
- U Bergh
- V Somerville
- VH Teixeira
- VS Painelli
- VW Dolinsky
- Y-C Kuo
- ZX Dong
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
\u3ci\u3eDrosophila\u3c/i\u3e Muller F Elements Maintain a Distinct Set of Genomic Properties Over 40 Million Years of Evolution
- Author
- Abdelnabi Mai
- Abrams Marita K
- Abusheikh Tariq
- Ackerman Cheri M
- Adams Andrew
- Adams Stephanie J
- Agarwalla Anant
- Agbley Kwabea
- Aldrup Megan E
- Alldredge Justin
- Allen Alicia B
- Alvarez Consuelo J
- Alvendia Erica L
- Ament Caitlin
- Anderson John E
- Archambault Alexi
- Armistead Isaac O
- Armstrong Andrew R
- Armstrong William
- Aronhalt Todd
- Ashrawi Yara
- Asinof Sam
- Aso Soham
- Augustine LaJerald
- Baatenberg Lara
- Bahr Thomas J
- Bailey Robert J
- Baker Atlee
- Baker Morgan
- Baldassari Shane M
- Banker Roxanne
- Barberi Chelsea R
- Barnett Jason M
- Bartling Justina R
- Baumgardner Jordan S
- Beck Christopher
- Beck Lauren R
- Beckett Alissa
- Bedard James E J
- Bednarski April E
- Beken Levent H
- Belella Carissa
- Bellush James M
- Benitez Pedro
- Benson Jonathon M
- Bertolet Anne
- Bhalla Satish C
- Bhatiya Chinmoy I
- Blaker Amanda L
- Blunden Christopher E
- Bodenberg Jessica M
- Boham Sampson K
- Bor Matthew J
- Botsford Bobbi
- Boudoures Anna L
- Boudreaux Lauren R
- Bourland Megan
- Brand Jordan P
- Braverman John M
- Brinkley Briana
- Brock Ethan J
- Brooks Dana W
- Broomfield Daniel
- Brouwer Lindsay K
- Brown Adam D
- Brown Ashley S
- Brown Carter
- Brown Marie
- Bryant Ashley
- Bryant Julie
- Burg Martin G
- Burke Christa
- Burkhart Brandon J
- Bushhouse Kelsey T
- Butzler Sarah C
- Caesar Nicole M
- Campana Christopher
- Carney Jordan E
- Caronna Jason
- Carranza David
- Cassidy Daniel W
- Cesko Lejla
- Chamma Norma
- Chandrasekaran Vidya
- Chapman Julia
- Chapman Kayla
- Chase Ian O
- Chau Kim M
- Chavez Miranda
- Chavez Ramiro A
- Chen Maida
- Chiang Scott
- Chlebina Ben
- Choeying Tenzin
- Choi Tiffany Y Y
- Chong Insun
- Christgen Shelbi L
- Christiansen Lena
- Christie Jordan S
- Cifelli Alyssa
- Clark Eric M
- Clark Nicole B
- Clarke-Medley Nicole
- Clary Andrea N
- Cognetti Peter A
- Cohen Heather
- Cole Mara G
- Collins Ashley A
- Conn Michael A
- Conrad Turner
- Conturso Alaina C
- Cooper Kristen M
- Corrielus Maureen
- Cotteleer Rebecca J
- Coulson Kevin
- Cristostomo Michael C
- Cromwell Avery B
- Crowley Matt J
- Crowley Samuel T
- Cruz Samantha
- Cullimore Peterson R
- Custer Ashley F
- Cyranowski Olivia
- Damsteegt Amanda M
- Danner Benjamin L
- Darusz Jess M
- DaSilva Paolo A
- Dauphin Cory M
- Davis Kristen C
- Davis Yelena P
- Davis-Reyes Brionna
- Dawson Seth G
- Debow Calise
- DeFazio Steve
- DeJong Randall J
- Delacruz Noelle
- DeMichele Gabriella A
- Deranek Kelly M
- DeShetler Megan
- Deuschle Frederic J
- DiAngelo Justin R
- Diekema Emily J
- DiLorenzo Lauren A
- Dirkes William
- DiTommaso Tia M
- Dobbe Ali
- Dobbe Ian
- Docking Carter T
- Does Benjamin R
- Dorsett Sasha L
- dos Santos Vieira Carolina Marques
- Dothager Matthew
- Doty Jennifer S
- Dougherty Grace A
- Dow Brian A
- Dowd Rose M
- Downey Kaitlyn A
- Drake Andrew P
- Drewry Melissa
- Drumm Kelly
- Du Chunguang
- Dunbar David A
- Dunham Carrie A
- Earl Erica K
- Echendu Vivienne
- Eckardt Alexandra K
- Eckdahl Todd T
- Edwards Curtis R
- Ehret Sharon C
- Eisen Michelle E M
- Eisler Heather L
- El-Adaimi Jad
- Elder Darcie D
- Elliott GiNell
- Emerson Charlene
- Emerson Julia A
- Emiah Shadie
- English Johnathan D
- Enoch Erica
- Faber Hayley M
- Faber Katherine J
- Fadus Matthew C
- Falk I N
- Fanning John P
- Farek Jesse R
- Farrar Cassandra
- Fearnow Adam
- Feenstra Elizabeth
- Fefelova Nadezhda
- Felzer-Kim Isabella T
- Fese Jessica
- Fick Cameron N
- Fitzgibbons John D
- Flohr Sarah
- Flores Amanda H
- Floyd Trevor G
- Foret Don
- Forsyth Joshua D
- Fosselman Daniel S
- Foust Jonathan D
- Franchi Spencer L
- Freda Philip J
- Freeburg Trip
- French Kristin M
- Friedman Harrison
- Friedrichs Chelsey
- Fusco Zach
- Garibay Edgar
- Garrett Amanda D
- Gaur Shailly
- Geary James F
- Gier Chad
- Gill Ishwar S
- Gilman Hannah
- Glenn Omolara
- Goeller Katie L
- Gomez Carolina
- Gonzales Justin A
- Gooch John
- Goodman Anya L
- Goodwin Zane
- Goscinski Nora C
- Gosser Yuying
- Govind Shubha
- Grantham Alaina J
- Greenwell Alyson
- Grove Ryan A
- Guadron Leslie
- Gutierrez Nestor
- Haberman Adam
- Hales Jasmine
- Hammett Deborah
- Hammond Brandy L
- Hammond Maureen S
- Hanson Cynthia K
- Harding Taylor S
- Hare Amber N
- Hark Amy T
- Harker Katherine S
- Harnoto Raechel S
- Harrington William
- Harris Cameron B
- Hatfield Kristen R
- Hauke Jeanette
- Hauser Charles R
- Havill Jessen T
- Heckman Jonathan M
- Hedeen Heather
- Helmreich Eric
- Hendricksma Jesse
- Hennessy Bryan M
- Henry Tyneshia C P
- Herbstsomer Robert A
- Herrick Douglas A
- Herrold Milton R
- Heslop Michelle
- Hilbrands Julia A
- Hirsch Sarah
- Hockenberger Kelsey
- Holderness Heather L
- Hong Emily L
- Hoogenboom Lindsay
- Hoogewerf Arlene J
- Hoopes Laura L M
- Hoover Betsy
- Hopkins Barbara L
- Howell Emily J
- Howey Nicole A
- Huerta Vilma F
- Ibarra Sharon
- Ibrahem Marwan
- Ighile Osagie
- Intriago Stephanie
- Jacobs Dontae A
- Janssen Bridget M
- Jarrell Jenifer N
- Jelgerhuis Sarah A
- Jelsema Timothy R
- Jewell Elizabeth S
- Jimenez Luis A
- Jipp Jacob
- Johnson Ashlee G
- Johnson Benjamin K
- Johnson Cristen
- Johnson Diana E
- Johnson Jaelyn L
- Johnson Lauriaun
- Johnson Todd D
- Jones Christopher J
- Jones Jennifer K
- Jones Kelly K
- Jones Melissa
- Kabaso Rita
- Kaehler Marian M
- Kaisler Maria
- Kammrath Anna
- Kandahari Adrese
- Kappes Michelle L
- Karaska Elizabeth A
- Katz Brandon M
- Kaur Sukhjit
- Kehoe James L
- Kelley Colleen V
- Kelly Elisabeth A
- Kennedy Andre
- Kennedy William R
- Keny Lauren J
- Kerber John M
- Keysock Nicholas
- Khan Ambreen
- Khayrullina Guzal
- Khoshabian Colin
- Khoury Christopher B
- Kiernan Elizabeth
- Kiley John
- Kim Andrew J
- Kim Anna
- Kim Van
- King Jessica E
- Klett Bethany M
- Knepper John Mark
- Knob Christopher R
- Knouse Kristin A
- Knudsen Nelson H
- Koaches Hannah C
- Koehler Jessica
- Koenig Dana
- Kokan Nighat P
- Kolibas Kimberly S
- Kooienga Ross D
- Koplinsky Chad A
- Kraftmann Karen J
- Kubricky Cassandra
- Kufel Christina N
- Kujawski Alexander J
- Kuleck Gary A
- Kulich Danielle
- Kung Faith
- Kus Jordan E
- Kuschner Cyrus E
- Kusner Matt
- Kwan Wa Shum Yuki
- Ladzekpo Danielle
- LaForge Kristin M
- Lamb Travis
- Lambright Anthony K
- Lammers Jennifer A
- Lane Curtiss E
- Langner Christine
- Lau Dawn
- Lea Charlotte
- Leads Rachel R
- Leatherman Emily C
- LeBlanc Mark T
- Lee Cassidy T
- Lee Paul
- Lemmon Eric
- Leung Wilson
- Lewis Benjamin M
- Li Linghui
- Light Morgan R
- Limle Austin B
- Lin Devry
- Lindbeck Peter
- Lippert Rachel N
- Lopez Lenin
- Lopilato Jane E
- Louie Christopher A
- Lowell Shannon M
- Lu Alvin
- Lucas Gabi
- Luippold Erin K
- Lupey Lena N
- Lydon Anniken M
- Macchi Christopher R
- Machone Joshua F
- Macias Elizabeth
- Macias Jason S
- Maffa Amanda
- Mageeney Catherine M
- Malkowitz Lorraine
- Mammo Danny
- Maniaci Brian J
- Marra Jonathan
- Martinez Megan
- Martiniuc Daniela
- Martinov Tijana
- Mason Portia
- Matthews Jordan E
- May Francis J
- Mayorga Lissett
- Mazur Tammy
- Mazzeo Cheryl
- McCabe Nikie L
- McCartha Shannon R
- McCracken Marly R
- McDonald Mitchell
- McDonough Alexa M
- McFarland Darryl
- McLaughlin Christopher
- Mecoli Jonathan P
- Medina Joseph
- Meghdari Mariam
- Meier Anne C
- Melton Amy D
- Membreno Nelson
- Mendoza Carlos
- Menillo Daniella
- Menyes Erika E
- Mercer Amanda
- Merry Callie R
- Messenger Gregory S
- Messiah Shady
- Messler James
- Meyer Lauren R
- Miller Emily G
- Minnick Phillip J
- Minniti Carl J
- Minton Thomas F
- Misch Jonathan
- Mitchell Ryan D
- Monsma Nicholaus
- Moran Joseph V
- Morgan Abbie
- Morlock Elaine V
- Morris William M
- Morrow Adam T
- Mudumbi Krishna
- Mullen Gregory J
- Muller Sarah E
- Musick Adam E
- Musokotwane Sepo
- Myirski Kevin
- Naik Monal
- Naik Priyanka
- Neufeld Lacey
- Neutzling William
- Newcomb Victoria
- Newhart William H
- Newman Alyssa M
- Ng Chun Leung
- Ng Simon
- Nguyen San Francisco
- Nguyen Trung T
- Nichols Zachary
- Nicolas Daniel S
- Nietmann Jana
- Nikam Vinyak S
- Nollet Eric A
- Nordman Elizabeth C
- Norton Diana
- Noynaert Joseph W
- Nyabeta Onsarigo Eric
- O\u27Rouke Allison
- Obiorah Ifeanyi
- Ochoa Andrea
- Odisho George
- Ogden Bradley J
- Olson Nicole C
- Ortiz Carlos
- Ostby Kristine
- Osterloh Jeanette M
- Overvoorde Paul J
- Ovu Steven
- Paetkau Don W
- Palozola Katherine C
- Paluskievicz Christina
- Pamnani Brad
- Parrish Susan
- Parry Kesley
- Pasierb Brittany D
- Patao Melissa D
- Patao Shane M
- Patterson Seantay D
- Pattison Claire
- Penn Jessica
- Peoples Emily
- Perella Mallory
- Perez Marcos A
- Peterson Daymon
- Pfeil Jacob J
- Pham Philip
- Plante Olivia
- Plasman Haley J
- Plescher Brittany E
- Poet Jeffrey L
- Polk Jessica W
- Potocny Stephanie J
- Powers Michelle K
- Pozmanter Caitlin
- Prasad Shreya
- Presley Jonathan D
- Price Amber L
- Primus Shekerah
- Puetz William J
- Quach Michael
- Ragland Nicolas
- Raimey England
- Ramic Alen
- Ramirez Roman E, Jr.
- Ramsey Kimberley
- Ramthun Jennifer R
- Randazzo Matt J
- Rankin Helen
- Rathore Sunil
- Ratliff Camille D
- Rauf Sabya A
- Reed Emily
- Reem Rachel M
- Regan Melanie K
- Regisford E Gloria C
- Reilly Mary T
- Rekai Jade Lea
- Rempe Ryan Michael
- Rennhack Jonathan P
- Revie Dennis
- Reynolds Katherine R
- Reynolds Lyndsey A
- Reynolds Thomas J
- Reza Evangelina
- Rhee Dong K
- Rigby Nichole
- Rios Lindsay
- Rivard Allyson B
- Robertson Gregory M
- Robic Srebenka
- Robinett Deirdre
- Robinson Lauren M
- Rodela Laura
- Rodriguez Priscilla
- Rodriguez Vanessa
- Roecklein-Canfield Jennifer A
- Ronk Adam J
- Rooney Meghan B
- Rose Jenny L
- Rose Thomas J
- Rosenwald Anne G
- Rossi Franca G
- Rossi Nadine L
- Rubin Lainey S
- Ruiz Jorge
- Rupley Bryan J
- Sable Joseph E
- Sadovsky Griffin
- Safa Nadia
- Salbert Luke R
- Salgado Michael S
- Saluja Rasleen K
- Salzman Garrett
- Sandusky Michael W
- Sanusi Fareed
- Sassu Eric D
- Saville Kenneth
- Scala Victoria
- Schauder Taylor
- Schepers Allison J
- Schibler Jeanine
- Schiedermeyer Holly
- Schmidt Lasse
- Schmuecker Samantha M
- Schneiter Allison R
- Schottler Jennifer
- Schueler Mary Grace
- Schultz Darrin
- Schulz Robert W
- Schwartz Nicholas U
- Scoma Alexandra H
- Scott Geoff
- Scott Zachary W
- Sessions Bridget J
- Seydoux Marie-Isabelle B
- Shallman Devon
- Shantzer Lindsey
- Sharif Karim A
- Shaw Mary E
- Shelton Micah
- Sherrill Will
- Shevin Yakov
- Shipman Anna L
- Shoemaker Emma
- Shoop Elizabeth
- Shuen Jessica A
- Shuford Rebecca
- Silva Valeria
- Silver Key S Catherine
- Simon Matthew
- Simone Bisogno Laura
- Smith Anna L
- Smith Christopher D
- Smith Jonathan E
- Smith Joshua R
- Smith Karl E
- Smith Mary A
- Smith Melanie A
- Smith Samuel I
- Smith-Gee Maxwell T
- Snavely Michael
- Soliterman Eugenia A
- Song Roy
- Soos Mahdi
- Spaeder Lindsay A
- Spana Eric P
- Sparks Ciani J
- Sparks Jeri
- Spencer Eric
- Spencer Sarah
- Sreenivasan Aparna
- Stagaard Erica
- Starcher Justin R
- Starkey Kristin M
- Statton Geeta
- Sterling Allison M
- Svoronos Petros
- Swanson Bryant R
- Sweeney Edward P
- Tache Melissa A
- Tare Archana
- Tenney Jenna C
- Tewilliager Ashley A
- Thistle Katrina
- Thomas Jessica G
- Thompson Jeffrey S
- Thomsen Kristen M
- Tilot Amanda K
- Timko Ashley S
- Tirasawasdichai Tiara
- Tomkins Trisha
- Torchon Karvyn
- Townsend Ashley
- Tran Danny L
- Trieu Melissa
- Tuberty Sarah
- Tucci Jessica M
- Tumminello Richard A
- Turner Bryce A
- Tynon Marykathryn
- Uitvlugt Chris
- Undem Blair
- Unruh Anna K
- Unzicker Matthew R
- Urick Damian
- Valdez Isabel
- VanderVennen Marielle
- VanDyken Rachel E
- VanEck Eve
- Velasquez Vicente
- Verbofsky Evan M
- Vernon William B
- Vetor Ashley
- Villerot Matthew M
- Vondy Kayla
- Vrable Abby
- Vue Samantha
- Vuong Tam
- Vylonis Megan B
- Waggoner Andrew W
- Walji Tezin A
- Walker Chelsea A
- Wan Tiffany
- Wande Lucia
- Ward Alyssa
- Waters Mary
- Watson David T
- Wawersik Matthew
- Weaver Jennifer A
- Welker Anne A
- Wellinghoff Jules
- Wendland Pete
- Westphal Kyle
- White Jackie X
- Williams Charlotte
- Winkler Stacey
- Winn Wesley W
- Winters Jenifer
- Woehlke Sarah
- Wolski Matthew W
- Wolyniak Michael J
- Wong Jeanette
- Wong Jeremy N
- Woyski Dustin S
- Wurzler Juliana A
- Wylie Anna
- Wysocki Lauren M
- Xiong David
- Xu Amy
- Xu Thomas Q
- Yalamanchili Monica
- Yang Bib
- Yarrington Bryan
- Yemelyanova Anastasia K
- Youngblom Jim
- Yu Nicole S
- Yuan Han
- Zaborowicz Matthew A
- Zarrasola Stephanie
- Zhang Yi
- Zhu Xiao
- Zidan Ameer
- Zumkehr Joannee
- Publication venue
- ScholarWorks@GVSU
- Publication date
- 01/05/2015
- Field of study
The Muller F element (4.2 Mb, ~80 protein-coding genes) is an unusual autosome of Drosophila melanogaster; it is mostly heterochromatic with a low recombination rate. To investigate how these properties impact the evolution of repeats and genes, we manually improved the sequence and annotated the genes on the D. erecta, D. mojavensis, and D. grimshawi F elements and euchromatic domains from the Muller D element. We find that F elements have greater transposon density (25–50%) than euchromatic reference regions (3–11%). Among the F elements, D. grimshawi has the lowest transposon density (particularly DINE-1: 2% vs. 11–27%). F element genes have larger coding spans, more coding exons, larger introns, and lower codon bias. Comparison of the Effective Number of Codons with the Codon Adaptation Index shows that, in contrast to the other species, codon bias in D. grimshawi F element genes can be attributed primarily to selection instead of mutational biases, suggesting that density and types of transposons affect the degree of local heterochromatin formation. F element genes have lower estimated DNA melting temperatures than D element genes, potentially facilitating transcription through heterochromatin. Most F element genes (~90%) have remained on that element, but the F element has smaller syntenic blocks than genome averages (3.4–3.6 vs. 8.4–8.8 genes per block), indicating greater rates of inversion despite lower rates of recombination. Overall, the F element has maintained characteristics that are distinct from other autosomes in the Drosophila lineage, illuminating the constraints imposed by a heterochromatic milieu
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
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- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
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- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
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- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
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- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
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- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
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- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
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- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
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- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
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- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
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- Guan Kun Liang
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- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
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- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
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- Han Feng
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- Harada Hisashi
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- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
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- Henske Elizabeth P
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- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
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- Hu Bingren
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- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
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- Hwang Seungmin
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- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
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- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
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- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
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- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
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- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
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- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
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- Kaushik Susmita
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- Kelekar Ameeta
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- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
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- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
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- Koike Masato
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- Kominami Eiki
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- Kotake Yaichiro
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- Kraft Claudine
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- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
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- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
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- Kumar Raj
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- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
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- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A
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- Le Weidong
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- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
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- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
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- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
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- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
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- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
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- Liu Wei
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- Lonial Sagar
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- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
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- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
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- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
- Lynch Day Melinda A
- M\ufcller Sylke
- M\ufcnger Karl
- M\ufcnz Christian
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
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- Macleod Kay F
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva Maria
- Manon St\ue9phen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
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- Marazziti Daniela
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- Marchbank Katie
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- Mckenna Sharon L
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- Mcmaster Christopher R
- Mcquibban G. Angus
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- Menon Manoj B
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- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
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- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M
- Monteiro Mervyn J
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- Mora Rodrigo
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- Moreira Paula I
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
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- Narendra Derek P
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- Nguyen Huu Phuc
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- Yoshikawa Yuko
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- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
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- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
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- Zakeri Zahra
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- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
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- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
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- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field