Wei Jingsheng and the Democracy Movement in Post-Mao China

The hypothesis tested in this thesis was whether there has been an evident evolution in the democratic thought of those engaged in China\u27s Democracy Movement in the post-Mao era. The activists of the Democracy Movement of 1978-79, following a long-standing tradition of remonstrance, were among those substantially influenced by the events of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The activists initiated big character posters on Democracy Walls throughout China--but among the most influential was Beijing\u27s. Wei Jingsheng, though certainly not the only voice, represented the more vocal and extreme democratic position in his wall poster The Fifth Modernization: Democracy, which first appeared in late 1978 and which brought to the movement an aspect of the liberalism controversy that had not been expressed or defined previously

Soil Water Extraction for Several Dryland Crops

Dryland cropping decisions would benefit from information about soil water extraction by various candidate crops. The objectives of this experiment were to: (i) quantify average soil water extraction by depth in the soil profile for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), proso millet (Panicum milliaceum L.) , and dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), and (ii) verify previously published values of drained upper limit (DUL) and lower limit (LL) of water extraction for each crop grown on a silt loam soil in northeastern Colorado. Soil water contents at planting and physiological maturity were measured over a 21-yr period. Average ending soil water was least at all measurement depths for wheat and greatest for millet. The greatest total profile water extraction was seen for wheat (141 mm) and the least for pea (46 mm). Soil water extraction occurred, on average, from the 0- to 180-cm profile for wheat, 0- to 150-cm profile for corn, 0- to 120-cm profile for millet, and 0- to 90-cm profile for pea. When soil water was plentiful at planting and followed by dry growing season conditions, millet extracted soil water from the entire 0- to 180-cm profile. Crop rotational sequences utilizing shallow rooted crops (such as millet and pea) that do not fully extract soil water at lower depths will allow for greater soil water availability to subsequent crops such as wheat and corn that are able to explore the lower soil profile more effectively for soil water

The Belgian repository of fundamental atomic data and stellar spectra (BRASS). I. Cross-matching atomic databases of astrophysical interest

Fundamental atomic parameters, such as oscillator strengths, play a key role in modelling and understanding the chemical composition of stars in the universe. Despite the significant work underway to produce these parameters for many astrophysically important ions, uncertainties in these parameters remain large and can propagate throughout the entire field of astronomy. The Belgian repository of fundamental atomic data and stellar spectra (BRASS) aims to provide the largest systematic and homogeneous quality assessment of atomic data to date in terms of wavelength, atomic and stellar parameter coverage. To prepare for it, we first compiled multiple literature occurrences of many individual atomic transitions, from several atomic databases of astrophysical interest, and assessed their agreement. Several atomic repositories were searched and their data retrieved and formatted in a consistent manner. Data entries from all repositories were cross-matched against our initial BRASS atomic line list to find multiple occurrences of the same transition. Where possible we used a non-parametric cross-match depending only on electronic configurations and total angular momentum values. We also checked for duplicate entries of the same physical transition, within each retrieved repository, using the non-parametric cross-match. We report the cross-matched transitions for each repository and compare their fundamental atomic parameters. We find differences in log(gf) values of up to 2 dex or more. We also find and report that ~2% of our line list and Vienna Atomic Line Database retrievals are composed of duplicate transitions. Finally we provide a number of examples of atomic spectral lines with different log(gf) values, and discuss the impact of these uncertain log(gf) values on quantitative spectroscopy. All cross-matched atomic data and duplicate transitions are available to download at brass.sdf.org.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables. Accepted for publication in A&

Trajectories of ethnic neighborhood change: Spatial patterns of increasing ethnic diversity

The share of ethnic minority residents has been increasing in many major European cities during the past two decades and these cities are experiencing increasing ethnic diversity (Vertovec, 2007). For example: In 1999, non-western ethnic minorities, such as Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, and Surinamese, comprised 8.5% of the Dutch population. By 2015, the share of the same groups had increased to 12.1%, which, in absolute numbers, means that the number of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands has increased by almost 700,000 people in 16 years (Statistics Netherlands, 2017). About 62.5% of this increase in the number of ethnic minorities is the result of natural growth (Statistics Netherlands, 2017). Geographically, members of ethnic minorities tend to be overrepresented in large cities because of the services and the availability of affordable housing (cf. Borjas, 1999) and the presence of immigrant networks (Logan et al., 2002). Studies on ethnic segregation have focused on the question of how ethnic minorities are sorting into different neighborhoods in these cities and to what extent they live together or apart from the native population (e.g. Bolt & Van Kempen, 2010a; Johnston et al., 2009; 2010; Poulsen et al., 2011). Although segregation is most often viewed as a condition of neighborhoods and cities at a certain point in time, ethnic segregation is not a static phenomenon but is a dynamic process that develops through time without a specific end point (Johnston et al., 2010). An emerging body of research is therefore focused on investigating segregation from the perspective of the changing ethnic population composition in neighborhoods (e.g. Johnston et al., 2009; Poulsen et al., 2011). Analyzing what types of neighborhoods experience change in the ethnic population composition and identifying the drivers of these changes is crucial to our understanding of processes of ethnic segregation. There are two main drivers of ethnic neighborhood change. The first is residential mobility. The selective moving behavior of different ethnic groups can affect ethnic neighborhood change in different ways. Studies on segregation have argued that ethnic heterogeneity in neighborhoods stimulates the out-mobility of the native (majority) population to more White neighborhoods (e.g. Clark & Coulter, 2015; Kaufmann & Harris, 2015). ‘White avoidance’ theories, however, argue that the native population avoids ethnically diverse areas in the first place (Clark, 1992; Quillian, 2002). In both cases, the moving behavior of the native population affects the ethnic population composition in neighborhoods. With regards to the residential mobility of ethnic minorities, studies on spatial assimilation have argued that as ethnic minorities become more assimilated into the host society over time, they tend to move away from concentration areas developing similar residential mobility patterns as the native population (Bolt & Van Kempen, 2010a; Sabater, 2010; Simpson & Finney, 2009; Simpson et al., 2008). However, there is evidence that indicates that ethnic minorities are less likely to leave and more likely to move into ethnically concentrated neighborhoods (e.g. Bolt & Van Kempen, 2010a), as a result of a lack of financial resources (Clark & Ledwith, 2007), institutional constraints (Galster, 1999; Musterd & De Winter, 1998), or specific ethnic preferences (Bolt et al., 2008). A small body of research highlights a second driver and has argued that ethnic neighborhood change is the result of both residential mobility and demographic change (Finney & Simpson, 2009; Simpson, 2004; 2007; Simpson & Finney, 2009). The share of ethnic minorities in a particular neighborhoods can change without residential mobility. Demographic events such as birth and deaths can influence ethnic neighborhood change in different ways. The relatively young age structure of many migrant groups often implies higher fertility rates when compared with the majority population (Finney & Simpson, 2009). When ethnic minorities have disproportionally more children than natives, the share of ethnic minorities in a neighborhood increases irrespective of mobility patterns. Similarly, higher mortality rates among the native population as a result of ageing might lead to high natural decline among natives, thereby reducing the share of the native population in a neighborhood (Finney & Simpson, 2009; Simpson & Finney, 2009). Residential mobility and demographic change are important drivers of ethnic neighborhood change, which affect ethnic segregation. In the context of growing ethnic diversity in many cities, it is important to question the extent to which this growth is evenly distributed over neighborhoods within these cities. Are there, for instance, particular neighborhoods that experience above average increases in their share of ethnic minorities, and if so, is this increase driven by selective sorting processes or natural growth? Or are ethnic minorities increasingly integrated, showing more variation in their residential mobility patterns over time? The present study aims to answer these questions by analyzing full trajectories of ethnic neighborhood change in the four largest cities in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2013. We employ a Latent Class Growth Model (LCGM) to categorize neighborhoods based on their unique growth trajectories of the ethnic population composition over time. This modelling strategy offers an empirical contribution to segregation research by categorizing patterns of ethnic neighborhood change, contributing to our understanding of diverging processes of ethnic segregation over time. Theoretically, this paper bridges two important fields of literature on the drivers behind ethnic segregation: residential mobility and natural growth. By integrating these theories, we seek to better understand the relative impact of both mechanisms on various levels of ethnic neighborhood change

Fatigue behavior of gold thin films at elevated temperatures studied by bulge testing

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The effects of scale continuity and behavioral anchor specificity upon the psychometric properties of performance rating scales

Psychology, Department o

Comparison of “Look-Alike” Implant Prosthetic Retaining Screws

: The maximum preload torque of implant prosthetic retaining screws from four manufacturers and of two alloy types was measured to determine one index of interchangeability of intersystem components. Materials and Methods : Implant prosthetic retaining screws from four manufacturers (3i Implant Innovations Inc, West Palm Beach, FL; Impla-Med Inc, Sunrise, FL; Nobelpharma USA Inc, Chicago, IL; and Implant Support Systems Inc, Irvine, CA) and of two metal types (gold and titanium) were investigated using an in vitro simulation model. Five screws of each type were tightened down against a gold cylinder using a Tohnichi BTG-6 torque gauge (Tohnichi American Corporation, Northbrook, IL) until fracture occurred. Results : The 3i Implant Innovations gold and the Nobelpharma gold were not significantly different. The 3i Implant Innovations titanium and the Impla-Med gold were able to withstand less preload torque than the 3i Implant Innovations gold and the Nobelpharma gold. The Implant Support Systems titanium was able to withstand significantly more preload torque than all of the other screws. Conclusions : Interchanging implant prosthetic retaining screws could introduce new and unknown variables that may affect the long-term survival of implant fixtures and/or the implant prostheses.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74593/1/j.1532-849X.1995.tb00310.x.pd