Correct evaluation of Social Policy

The problem surrounding Social Policy in Russia is due to internal and external factors. The aauthors analyse the challenges of effective social policy evaluation with different analytical materials by first given the definition of effectiveness with the aid of formula, then describe the types of social policy presented by Esping-Andersen and Abrahamson. The authors also analyze three main factors (inflation rate of oil, the rate of dollars against rubles and the pulling out of foreign investors) that lead to crises in Russia. In conclusion, the authors decide that the insufficient effectiveness of Russia's social policy is primarily associated with tight budget constraints due to the crisis

Hardware division by small integer constants

International audienceThis article studies the design of custom circuits for division by a small positive constant. Such circuits can be useful to specific FPGA and ASIC applications. The first problem studied is the Euclidean division of an unsigned integer by a constant, computing a quotient and a remainder. Several new solutions are proposed and compared against the state of the art. As the proposed solutions use small look-up tables, they match well the hardware resources of an FPGA. The article then studies whether the division by the product of two constants is better implemented as two successive dividers or as one atomic divider. It also considers the case when only a quotient or only a remainder are needed. Finally, it addresses the correct rounding of the division of a floating-point number by a small integer constant. All these solutions, and the previous state of the art, are compared in terms of timing, area, and area-timing product. In general, the relevance domains of the various techniques are very different on FPGA and on ASIC