Leaf Economic and Hydraulic Traits Signal Disparate Climate Adaptation Patterns in Two Co-Occurring Woodland Eucalypts

With climate change impacting trees worldwide, enhancing adaptation capacity has become an important goal of provenance translocation strategies for forestry, ecological renovation, and biodiversity conservation. Given that not every species can be studied in detail, it is important to understand the extent to which climate adaptation patterns can be generalised across species, in terms of the selective agents and traits involved. We here compare patterns of genetic-based population (co)variation in leaf economic and hydraulic traits, climate–trait associations, and genomic differentiation of two widespread tree species (Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. ovata). We studied 2-yearold trees growing in a common-garden trial established with progeny from populations of both species, pair-sampled from 22 localities across their overlapping native distribution in Tasmania, Australia. Despite originating from the same climatic gradients, the species differed in their levels of population variance and trait covariance, patterns of population variation within each species were uncorrelated, and the species had different climate–trait associations. Further, the pattern of genomic differentiation among populations was uncorrelated between species, and population differentiation in leaf traits was mostly uncorrelated with genomic differentiation. We discuss hypotheses to explain this decoupling of patterns and propose that the choice of seed provenances for climatebased plantings needs to account for multiple dimensions of climate change unless species-specific information is availableinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La responsabilidad contractual en la relación entidad bancaria Bancolombia-tarjeta habiente en caso de clonación o fraude en los cajeros automáticos

En Colombia no existe normatividad que obligue a las entidades financieras a responder por el dinero de los ahorradores que han sido objeto de fraude, bajo ninguna modalidad (incluida la clonación de tarjetas débito), razón por la cual tales aspectos indudablemente habrán de ventilarse o resolverse conforme a lo previsto en la ley y en el respectivo contrato sea en forma directa por los involucrados o ante las instancias, motivo por lo cual es de gran importancia y trascendencia esta investigación, que se fundamenta en el estudio del contrato que firman las partes, es decir el reglamento para el uso de la tarjeta débito o crédito que firma el usuario o tarjetahabiente en el momento de que el Banco le hace entrega de la tarjeta. Se trata de una investigación socio-jurídica, que se fundamenta en el estudio de la normatividad vigente en relación a la responsabilidad contractual y la protección de los tarjetahabientes en Colombia, basados en la problemática existente de la clonación o fraude con tarjetas débito o crédito, que constantemente sufren los usuarios del sistema bancario. El trabajo es descriptivo – propositivo. Se analiza jurídicamente la responsabilidad contractual existente en la relación entre la Entidad Bancaria Bancolombia y el Tarjeta Habiente, que conlleva a la obligación de responder al Banco por las pérdidas en caso de clonación o fraude a través de los cajeros automáticos. Y finalmente se presenta una guía de orientación jurídica al tarjeta-habiente para que pueda efectuar por sí mismo la reclamación en caso de clonación o fraude a través de los cajeros electrónicos. En este trabajo encontrará el marco regulatorio del contrato establecido entre el tarjetahabiente y la entidad bancaria, la responsabilidad de las entidades bancarias ante los casos de fraude o clonación con tarjetas débito o crédito, y como opera la figura del defensor financiero

Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle

Flight time, an objective measure of temperament, was recorded in 3594 Brahman, Belmont Red, and Santa Gertrudis heifers and steers. Two subjective measures of temperament (crush score and flight speed score) were also available for over 2000 of these animals. Temperament measures were recorded post-weaning (average age 8 months) and again at the start of finishing (average age 19 months) on a subset of the animals. Nine meat quality traits were measured on these animals and included measures on 2 different muscles ['M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum' (LTL) and 'M. semitendinosus' (ST)]. The heritability of flight time measured post-weaning and at the start of finishing was 0.30 and 0.34, respectively, with a repeatability of 0.46 across the measurement times. Heritabilities for scored temperament traits were 0.21, 0.19, and 0.15 for post-weaning flight speed score, post-weaning crush score, and start of finishing crush score, respectively. Genetic correlations across measurement times for flight time were 0.98 and 0.96 for crush score, indicating a strong underlying genetic basis of these temperament measures over time; however, the corresponding phenotypic correlations were lower (0.48 and 0.37, respectively). Longer flight times (i.e. better temperament) were genetically correlated with improved tenderness (i.e. lower shear force and higher tenderness scores), with genetic correlations of –0.42 and 0.33 between LTL shear force, and Meat Standards Australia (MSA) tenderness, respectively. Genetic correlations between post-weaning crush score and the same meat quality traits were 0.39 and –0.47, respectively. However, genetic and phenotypic correlations between measures of temperament and other meat quality traits were generally low, with the exception of crush scores with LTL Minolta a* value (–0.37 and –0.63 for post-weaning and start of finishing measurement time, respectively). Predicted correlated responses of –0.17 kg LTL shear force and 2.6 MSA tenderness points per generation were predicted based on the genetic parameter estimates and a recording regime of both flight time and crush scores. Selection based on the measures of temperament described in this study could be used to improve temperament itself and correlated improvements can also occur in meat tenderness and eating quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of cattle