Условия формирования зон скопления метана в углепородном массиве

Розглянуті основні геологічні чинники, які впливають на формування зон скупчення метану у вуглепородному масиві. Виділені, найбільш ефективні показники для середнього катагенеза порід – опосередковані локальні структури, зони тріщинуватості порід, стрижневі ділянки пісковиків (палеопотоки). Для виділених показників виконаний розрахунок дисперсійного аналізу по альтернативній ознаці. На основі розрахунків встановлено вплив кожного фактора на формування зон скупчення метану у вуглепродному масиві.Basic geological factors, which influence on forming of zone of accumulation of methane in coalrock massif, are presented. The most effective indexes for middle katagenesis of rock are determinated - medial local structures, zone of jointing of rock, race areas of sandstones (paleocurrent). For determinated indexes calculation of dispersion on an alternative character is executed. On the basis of calculations influence of every factor on forming of zone of accumulation of methane in a coalrock massif is definited

Predicting sequelae and death after bacterial meningitis in childhood: A systematic review of prognostic studies

Background: Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a severe infection responsible for high mortality and disabling sequelae. Early identification of patients at high risk of these outcomes is necessary to prevent their occurrence by adequate treatment as much as possible. For this reason, several prognostic models have been developed. The objective of this study is to summarize the evidence regarding prognostic factors predicting death or sequelae due to BM in children 0-18 years of age. Methods: A search in MEDLINE and EMBASE was conducted to identify prognostic studies on risk factors for mortality and sequelae after BM in children. Selection of abstracts, full-text articles and assessment of methodological quality using the QUIPS checklist was performed by two reviewers independently. Data on prognostic factors per outcome were summarized. Results: Of the 31 studies identified, 15 were of moderate to high quality. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study characteristics and evaluated prognostic factors, no quantitative analysis was performed. Prognostic factors found to be statistically significant in more than one study of moderate or high quality are: complaints > 48 hours before admission, coma/impaired consciousness, (prolonged duration of) seizures, (prolonged) fever, shock, peripheral circulatory failure, respiratory distress, absence of petechiae, causative pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, young age, male gender, several cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters and white blood cell (WBC) count. Conclusions: Although several important prognostic factors for the prediction of mortality or sequelae after BM were identified, the inability to perform a pooled analysis makes the exact (independent) predictive value of these factors uncertain. This emphasizes the need for additional well-conducted prognostic studie

Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Abstract Objective To study the effectiveness and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) commonly used in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Methods People with JME were identified from a large database of individuals with epilepsy, which includes detailed retrospective information on AED use. We assessed secular changes in AED use and calculated rates of response (12-month seizure freedom) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for the five most common AEDs. Retention was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model. We compared valproate use between males and females. Results We included 305 people with 688 AED trials of valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and topiramate. Valproate and carbamazepine were most often prescribed as the first AED. The response rate to valproate was highest among the five AEDs (42.7\%), and significantly higher than response rates for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate; the difference to the response rate to levetiracetam (37.1\%) was not significant. The rates of ADRs were highest for topiramate (45.5\%) and valproate (37.5\%). Commonest ADRs included weight change, lethargy, and tremor. In the Cox proportional hazards model, later start year (1.10 [1.08-1.13], P < 0.001) and female sex (1.41 [1.07-1.85], P = 0.02) were associated with shorter trial duration. Valproate was associated with the longest treatment duration; trials with carbamazepine and topiramate were significantly shorter (HR [CI]: 3.29 [2.15-5.02], P < 0.001 and 1.93 [1.31-2.86], P < 0.001). The relative frequency of valproate trials shows a decreasing trend since 2003 while there is an increasing trend for levetiracetam. Fewer females than males received valproate (76.2 vs 92.6\%, P = 0.001). Significance In people with JME, valproate is an effective AED; levetiracetam emerged as an alternative. Valproate is now contraindicated in women of childbearing potential without special precautions. With appropriate selection and safeguards in place, valproate should remain available as a therapy, including as an alternative for women of childbearing potential whose seizures are resistant to other treatments

Sudden cardiac arrest in people with epilepsy in the community: Circumstances and risk factors

To ascertain whether characteristics of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) differed between people with epilepsy and those without and which individuals with epilepsy were at highest risk. We ascertained 18 people with active epilepsy identified in a community-based registry of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) with ECG-confirmed VT/VF (cases). We compared them with 470 individuals with VT/VF without epilepsy (VT/VF controls) and 54 individuals with epilepsy without VT/VF (epilepsy controls). Data on comorbidity, epilepsy severity, and medication use were collected and entered into (conditional) logistic regression models to identify determinants of VT/VF in epilepsy. In most cases, there was an obvious (10/18) or presumed cardiovascular cause (5/18) in view of preexisting heart disease. In 2 of the 3 remaining events, near-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) was established after successful resuscitation. Cases had a higher prevalence of congenital/inherited heart disease (17% vs 1%, p = 0.002), and experienced VT/VF at younger age (57 vs 64 years, p = 0.023) than VT/VF controls. VT/VF in cases occurred more frequently at/near home (89% vs 58%, p = 0.009), and was less frequently witnessed (72% vs 89%, p = 0.048) than in VT/VF controls. Cases more frequently had clinically relevant heart disease (50% vs 15%, p = 0.005) and intellectual disability (28% vs 1%, p < 0.001) than epilepsy controls. Cardiovascular disease rather than epilepsy characteristics is the main determinant of VT/VF in people with epilepsy in the community. SCA and SUDEP are partially overlapping disease entitie

Photosensitivity in Dravet syndrome is under-recognized and related to prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To detect determinants for photoparoxysmal EEG response (PPR) in SCN1A-related Dravet syndrome (DS). METHODS: Data were studied from nationwide medical histories and EEGs of DS-patients (n=53; 31 males, age 2-19years). Detailed questionnaires on visual stimuli were completed by parents (n=49). RESULTS: PPR was found in 22 patients (42%; median age 1.25yr), and repeatedly in 17%. PPR (17% of 249 intermittent photic stimulation (IPS)-EEGs) occurred more often with optimal IPS protocols (OR 2.11 [95%CI 1.09-4.13]) and in EEGs showing spontaneous epileptiform abnormalities (OR 5.08 [95%CI 2.05-12.55]). PPR-positive patients tended to be younger at first (p=0.072) and second seizure (p=0.049), showed severe intellectual disability (p=0.042), and had more often spontaneous occipital epileptiform abnormalities (p<0.001). Clinical sensitivity was reported in medical files in 22% of patients and by parents in 43% (self-induction 24%). Clinical or EEG proven visual sensitivity was detected in 65% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to visual stimuli is very common in DS and more often noticed by parents than confirmed by EEG. Detection of PPR improves with repetitive tests using accurate IPS protocols. SIGNIFICANCE: Photosensitivity is an important feature in DS and seems to be a marker of the severity of the disorder. Therefore repeated standardized IPS should be encouraged

Photosensitivity in Dravet syndrome is under-recognized and related to prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To detect determinants for photoparoxysmal EEG response (PPR) in SCN1A-related Dravet syndrome (DS). METHODS: Data were studied from nationwide medical histories and EEGs of DS-patients (n=53; 31 males, age 2-19years). Detailed questionnaires on visual stimuli were completed by parents (n=49). RESULTS: PPR was found in 22 patients (42%; median age 1.25yr), and repeatedly in 17%. PPR (17% of 249 intermittent photic stimulation (IPS)-EEGs) occurred more often with optimal IPS protocols (OR 2.11 [95%CI 1.09-4.13]) and in EEGs showing spontaneous epileptiform abnormalities (OR 5.08 [95%CI 2.05-12.55]). PPR-positive patients tended to be younger at first (p=0.072) and second seizure (p=0.049), showed severe intellectual disability (p=0.042), and had more often spontaneous occipital epileptiform abnormalities (p<0.001). Clinical sensitivity was reported in medical files in 22% of patients and by parents in 43% (self-induction 24%). Clinical or EEG proven visual sensitivity was detected in 65% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to visual stimuli is very common in DS and more often noticed by parents than confirmed by EEG. Detection of PPR improves with repetitive tests using accurate IPS protocols. SIGNIFICANCE: Photosensitivity is an important feature in DS and seems to be a marker of the severity of the disorder. Therefore repeated standardized IPS should be encouraged

Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Objective: To study the effectiveness and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) commonly used in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).Methods: People with JME were identified from a large database of individuals with epilepsy, which includes detailed retrospective information on AED use. We assessed secular changes in AED use and calculated rates of response (12-month seizure freedom) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for the five most common AEDs. Retention was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model. We compared valproate use between males and females.Results: We included 305 people with 688 AED trials of valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and topiramate. Valproate and carbamazepine were most often prescribed as the first AED. The response rate to valproate was highest among the five AEDs (42.7%), and significantly higher than response rates for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate; the difference to the response rate to levetiracetam (37.1%) was not significant. The rates of ADRs were highest for topiramate (45.5%) and valproate (37.5%). Commonest ADRs included weight change, lethargy, and tremor. In the Cox proportional hazards model, later start year (1.10 [1.08-1.13], P P = 0.02) were associated with shorter trial duration. Valproate was associated with the longest treatment duration; trials with carbamazepine and topiramate were significantly shorter (HR [CI]: 3.29 [2.15-5.02], P P P = 0.001).Significance: In people with JME, valproate is an effective AED; levetiracetam emerged as an alternative. Valproate is now contraindicated in women of childbearing potential without special precautions. With appropriate selection and safeguards in place, valproate should remain available as a therapy, including as an alternative for women of childbearing potential whose seizures are resistant to other treatments.</p