21 research outputs found
Etude des apolipoprotéines et d'autres marqueurs du liquide céphalorachidien dans la maladie d'Alzheimer
Non disponible / Not availableLa maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est un problĂšme de santĂ© majeur dans une sociĂ©tĂ© qui vieillit de plus en plus. MalgrĂ© les progrĂšs importants dans ce domaine, il subsiste beaucoup d'inconnus au niveau physiopathologique. L'incertitude du diagnostic et le manque de marqueurs pĂ©riphĂ©riques prĂ©coces posent des problĂšmes Ă la recherche thĂ©rapeutique qui connaĂźt actuellement un grand essor. La combinaison de dosages biochimiques dans le liquide cĂ©phalorachidien (LCR), d'approches Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et d'Ă©tudes immunohistochimiques du cerveau, est notre stratĂ©gie pour suivre in vivo les modifications biochimiques liĂ©es Ă la gĂ©nĂ©tique qui provoquent ou accompagnent l'apparition de la MA. La recherche des marqueurs biologiques de cette maladie est, en effet, un objectif en soi. Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© dans le LCR les variations quantitatives et qualitatives de l'apoE, le facteur de risque gĂ©nĂ©tique le plus important de la MA. En parallĂšle, d'autres protĂ©ines telles que les apoAI, AIV et D, la transthyrĂ©tine (TTR), et l'actine ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es dans la mesure oĂč elles pourraient participer, avec l'apoE, au mĂ©canisme physiopathologique de la MA. Ces Ă©tudes nous ont permis de mieux comprendre l'implication multifonctionnelle de l'apoE et d'Ă©valuer les critĂšres cliniques etmĂ©thodologiques de ses variations quantitatives dans le LCR. Nous avons Ă©galement mis en Ă©vidence une augmentation de 300% de l'apoD dans le LCR avec les pathologies neurogĂ©nĂ©nĂ©ratives et inflammatoires. La spĂ©cificitĂ© et la sensibilitĂ© de ce nouveau marqueur sont de 95% et 91%, respectivement. Nous avons montrĂ© la prĂ©sence de l'apoAI dans les plaques sĂ©niles et trouvĂ© une diminution de la concentration sĂ©rique de l'apoAI dans la MA liĂ©e Ă la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de cette maladie. Nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©fini l'intĂ©rĂȘt clinique de cette protĂ©ine pĂ©riphĂ©rique comme marqueur potentiel·de diagnostic de la MA. Deux nouveaux marqueurs, la TTR et l'actine sont impliquĂ©s dans la protection contre l'amyloĂŻdogĂ©nĂšse et dans la biochimie du cytoquelette neuronal, respectivement. Atravers l'Ă©tude de ces deux protĂ©ines, nous avons proposĂ© de nouvelles hypothĂšsesĂ©tiologiques de la MA. Au niveau gĂ©nĂ©tique, l'Ă©tude du polymorphisme de l'apoAIV (codon 360) a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un nouveau gĂšne pouvant ĂȘtre impliquĂ© dans la longĂ©vitĂ© et non dans la MA. En rĂ©sumĂ©, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© des marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer en utilisant les liquides biologiques pĂ©riphĂ©riques : LCR, sĂ©rum et cellules sangumes
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics of Atherosclerosis
International audienc
PCSK9 in Liver Cancers at the Crossroads between Lipid Metabolism and Immunity
International audienceMetabolic rewiring and defective immune responses are considered to be the main driving forces sustaining cell growth and oncogenesis in many cancers. The atypical enzyme, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), is produced by the liver in large amounts and plays a major role in lipid metabolism via the control of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and other cell surface receptors. In this context, many clinical studies have clearly demonstrated the high efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in treating hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Recent data implicated PCSK9 in the degradation of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) receptors and the immune system as well as in other physiological activities. This review highlights the complex crosstalk between PCSK9, lipid metabolism and immunosuppression and underlines the latest advances in understanding the involvement of this convertase in other critical functions. We present a comprehensive assessment of the different strategies targeting PCSK9 and show how these approaches could be extended to future therapeutic options to treat cancers with a main focus on the liver
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Statins
International audienceHMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (known as statins) are commonly prescribed worldwide for the management of coronary heart disease and the underlying dyslipidemia. This class of drugs has been shown to infer a significant decrease in the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Only recently though have the beneficial effects of statins in other diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis been highlighted. Importantly, also, multiple studies have revealed that statin use was associated with lower cancer-associated mortality across multiple types of cancers. This work aims to review those studies with a particular focus on liver cancer. We also provide a review of the proposed mechanisms of action describing how statins can induce chemo-preventive and antitumor effects
Immuno-Metabolic Modulation of Liver Oncogenesis by the Tryptophan Metabolism
International audienceMetabolic rewiring in tumor cells is a major hallmark of oncogenesis. Some of the oncometabolites drive suppressive and tolerogenic signals from the immune system, which becomes complicit to the advent and the survival of neoplasia. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway was reported to play immunosuppressive actions across many types of cancer. Extensive debate of whether the culprit of immunosuppression was the depletion of TRP or rather KYN accumulation in the tumor microenvironment has been ongoing for years. Results from clinical trials assessing the benefit of inhibiting key limiting enzymes of this pathway such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) failed to meet the expectations. Bearing in mind the complexity of the tumoral terrain and the existence of different cancers with IDO1/TDO2 expressing and non-expressing tumoral cells, here we present a comprehensive analysis of the TRP global metabolic hub and the driving potential of the process of oncogenesis with the main focus on liver cancers
Targeting lipid metabolism in liver cancer
International audienceCancer cells are highly dependent on different metabolic pathways for sustaining their survival, growth, and proliferation. Lipid metabolism not only provides the energetic needs of the cells but also provides the raw material for cellular growth and the signaling molecules for many oncogenic pathways. Mainly processed in the liver, lipids play an essential role in the physiology of this organ and in the pathological progression of many diseases such as metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of HCC is associated with inflammation and complex metabolic reprogramming, and its prognosis remains poor because of the lack of effective therapies despite many years of dedicated research. Defects in hepatic lipid metabolism induce abnormal gene expression and rewire many cellular pathways involved in oncogenesis and metastasis, implying that interfering with lipid metabolism within the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment may be a novel therapeutic approach for treating liver cancer patients. Therefore, this review focuses on the latest advances in drugs targeting lipid metabolism and leading to promising outcomes in preclinical studies and some ongoing clinical trials
Atherosclerosis: evidence for impairment of resolution of vascular inflammation governed by specific lipid mediators
Atherosclerosis is now recognized as an inflammatory disease involving the vascular wall. Recent results indicate that acute inflammation does not simply passively resolve as previously assumed but is actively terminated by a homeostatic process that is governed by specific lipid-derived mediators initiated by lipoxygenases. Experiments with animals and humans support a proinflammatory role for the 5-lipoxygenase system. In contrast, results from animal experiments show a range of responses with the 12/15-lipoxygenase pathways in atherosclerosis. To date, the only two clinical epidemiology human studies both support an antiatherogenic role for 12/15-lipoxygenase downstream actions. We tested the hypothesis that atherosclerosis results from a failure in the resolution of local inflammation by analyzing apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with 1) global leukocyte 12/15-lipoxygenase deficiency, 2) normal enzyme expression, or 3) macrophage-specific 12/15-lipoxygenase overexpression. Results from these indicate that 12/15-lipoxygenase expression protects mice against atherosclerosis via its role in the local biosynthesis of lipid mediators, including lipoxin A4, resolvin D1, and protectin D1. These mediators exert potent agonist actions on macrophages and vascular endothelial cells that can control the magnitude of the local inflammatory response. Taken together, these findings suggest that a failure of local endogenous resolution mechanisms may underlie the unremitting inflammation that fuels atherosclerosis.âMerched, A. J., Ko, K., Gotlinger, K. H., Serhan, C. N. Chan, L. Atherosclerosis: evidence for impairment of resolution of vascular inflammation governed by specific lipid mediators
3e colloque de recherche fondamentale en oncologie pédiatrique
International audienceContexte scientifique: Malgré des avancées majeures en oncologie depuis vingt ans, 20 % des enfants et adolescents atteints d'un cancer en France décÚdent de leur maladie et parmi ceux qui survivent, beaucoup gardent pendant toute leur vie des séquelles plus ou moins invalidantes consécutives à leur traitement. C'est pourquoi en 2017, les chercheurs, cliniciens, biologistes et étudiants français travaillant dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale et translationnelle en oncologie pédiatrique se sont organisés en réseau sous le nom de REACT4KIDS (https:// react4kids.apps-dev.io/). Ce réseau a pour objectif principal de mieux coordonner les efforts des équipes de recherche françaises (une trentaine) travaillant sur les cancers de l'enfant afin de faire émerger de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques. Chaque année, REACT4KIDS organise un colloque afin que ces équipes puissent se rencontrer, présenter leurs travaux, partager leurs données et mettre en place de nouvelles collaborations. Cette année, ce colloque scientifique était également tourné vers l'international, avec la venue de deux conférenciers étrangers de renommée mondiale, et vers la société, avec la participation de nombreuses associations de patients et le grand public. AprÚs la tenue des deux premiers colloques en oncologie pédiatrique au centre Léon-Bérard à Lyon, la ville de Bordeaux a été choisie pour organiser la 3 e édition de cette manifestation