Image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography using bi-conjugate gradient and transpose-free quasi minimal residual algorithms and comparison of them

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a new emerging modality in the diagnosis of soft tissue abnormalities. DOT image quality substantially depends on the recon struction stage. In the literature, there are many reconstruction algorithms used in DOT systems. However, some algorithms were improved for solving specific cases but still need to be improved. The bi-conjugate gradient (BiCG) enhanced is one of the conjugate gradient (CG)-based reconstruction techniques for non-Hermitian systems. The BiCG provides a solution to a non-Hermitian system. However, it has erratic convergence in some cases. Therefore, DOT images reconstructed by BiCG can be at the wrong location and is inaccurate in some cases. In this study, we used continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography (CW-DOT) to acquire mea surements from breast tissue phantoms with single or double inclusion at different depths and center-to-center separations and we have used the transpose free quasi minimal residual (TFQMR) reconstruction algorithm, improved as an alternative to BiCG for the first time in the CW-DOT system. Moreover, we have experimen tally proved that TFQMR is superior to BiCG in some specific cases for the first time in CW-DOT. Therefore, we concluded that TFQMR has the potential to be able to be used in the reconstruction stage in CW-DOT

Atrial electrical activity parameters of the study populations.

<p>Atrial electrical activity parameters of the study populations.</p

A novel biomarker for prediction of atrial fibrillation susceptibility in patients with celiac disease - Fig 1

<p><b>Atrial electromechanical coupling (PA’)</b>; the time interval from the onset of the P-wave on the surface electrocardiogram to the beginning of the late diastolic wave A’ [in a patient with CD (A) and normal individual (B).</p

Atrial electrical activity parameters of the study populations.

<p>Atrial electrical activity parameters of the study populations.</p

Demographic characteristics of the study populations.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the study populations.</p

Conventional echocardiographic parameters of the study populations.

<p>Conventional echocardiographic parameters of the study populations.</p

Relationship between atrial EMD values and fibrosis.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Differences between each EMDs in NFP and FP groups have been clearly shown in the box and whisker diagram. (<b>B</b>) Correlation analysis between atrial EMD values and AST/ALT ratio (AAR).</p