21 research outputs found
Zero-knowledge Proof Meets Machine Learning in Verifiability: A Survey
With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, the usage
of machine learning models is gradually becoming part of our daily lives.
High-quality models rely not only on efficient optimization algorithms but also
on the training and learning processes built upon vast amounts of data and
computational power. However, in practice, due to various challenges such as
limited computational resources and data privacy concerns, users in need of
models often cannot train machine learning models locally. This has led them to
explore alternative approaches such as outsourced learning and federated
learning. While these methods address the feasibility of model training
effectively, they introduce concerns about the trustworthiness of the training
process since computations are not performed locally. Similarly, there are
trustworthiness issues associated with outsourced model inference. These two
problems can be summarized as the trustworthiness problem of model
computations: How can one verify that the results computed by other
participants are derived according to the specified algorithm, model, and input
data? To address this challenge, verifiable machine learning (VML) has emerged.
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of zero-knowledge proof-based
verifiable machine learning (ZKP-VML) technology. We first analyze the
potential verifiability issues that may exist in different machine learning
scenarios. Subsequently, we provide a formal definition of ZKP-VML. We then
conduct a detailed analysis and classification of existing works based on their
technical approaches. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and future
directions in the field of ZKP-based VML
Semiconducting transport in PbCu(PO)O sintered from PbSO and CuP
The very recent claim on the discovery of ambient-pressure room-temperature
superconductivity in modified lead-apatite has immediately excited sensational
attention in the entire society, which is fabricated by sintering lanarkite
(Pb2SO5) and copper(I) phosphide (CuP). To verify this exciting claim, we
have successfully synthesized PbSO, CuP, and finally the modified
lead-apatite PbCu(PO)O. Detailed electrical transport and
magnetic properties of these compounds were systematically analyzed. It turns
out that PbSO is a highly insulating diamagnet with a room-temperature
resistivity of ~7.18x10 Ohm.cm and CuP is a paramagnetic metal with a
room-temperature resistivity of ~5.22x10 Ohm.cm. In contrast to the
claimed superconductivity, the resulting PbCu(PO)O
compound sintered from PbSO and CuP exhibits semiconductor-like
transport behavior with a large room-temperature resistivity of ~1.94x10
Ohm.cm although our compound shows greatly consistent x-ray diffraction
spectrum with the previously reported structure data. In addition, when a
pressed PbCu(PO)O pellet is located on top of a commercial
NdFeB magnet at room temperature, no repulsion could be felt and no
magnetic levitation was observed either. These results imply that the claim of
a room-temperature superconductor in modified lead-apatite may need more
careful re-examination, especially for the electrical transport properties.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figure
Publisher Correction: An anomalous Hall effect in altermagnetic ruthenium dioxide
In the version of this article initially published, square brackets and parentheses were incorrect in Fig. 1g and throughout Fig. 2 (excepting lower labels in Fig. 2d–f). Further, in the second paragraph of the “Consistency with theoretical prediction” subsection of the main article, in the text now reading “the reorientation-field scale, namely, HC = (H2 AE − H2 d) /Hd,” the term “H2 AE” wasn’t shown as squared. The changes have been made in the HTML and PDF versions of the article
Determination of NMR T2 Cutoff and CT Scanning for Pore Structure Evaluation in Mixed Siliciclastic–Carbonate Rocks before and after Acidification
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used widely to characterize petrophysical properties of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks but rarely to study those of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks. In this study, 13 different core samples and eight acidified core samples selected amongst those 13 from the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Southern Laizhouwan Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, were tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-nano-computed tomography (CT), and NMR. SEM and CT results revealed a complex pore structure diversity, pore distribution, and pore-throat connectivity in mixed reservoirs. Sixteen groups of NMR experiments addressed changes in these properties and permeabilities of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks before and after acidification to determine its effects on such reservoirs. NMR experimental results showed no “diffusion coupling” effect in mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks. Distributions of NMR T2 cutoff values (T2C) are closely related to the pore structure and lithologic characteristics before and after acidification. The T2C index separates irreducible and movable fluids in porous rocks and is a key factor in permeability prediction. Centrifugation experiments showed that, before acidification, the T2C of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks with 60–90% siliciclastic content (MSR) ranged widely from 1.5 to 9.8 ms; the T2C of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks with 60–90% carbonate content (MCR) ranged from 1.8 to 5.6 ms. After acidification, the T2C of MSR ranged widely from 2.6 to 11.6 ms, the T2C of MCR ranged from 1.5 to 5.6 ms, and no significant difference was observed between MCR reservoirs. Based on an analysis of the morphology of NMR T2 spectra, we propose a new T2 cutoff value prediction method for mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks based on a normal distribution function to predict various T2C values from morphological differences in NMR T2 spectra and to calculate the irreducible water saturation (Swir), i.e., the ratio of irreducible total fluid volume to effective porosity. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by comparing predicted T2C and Swir values with those from NMR experimental results. New experiments and modeling demonstrate the applicability of NMR for the petrophysical characterization of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rock reservoirs. Our results have potential applications for identification and evaluation of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate rock reservoirs using NMR logging
An HBase-Based Optimization Model for Distributed Medical Data Storage and Retrieval
In medical services, the amount of data generated by medical devices is increasing explosively, and access to medical data is also put forward with higher requirements. Although HBase-based medical data storage solutions exist, they cannot meet the needs of fast locating and diversified access to medical data. In order to improve the retrieval speed, the recognition model S-TCR and the dynamic management algorithm SL-TCR, based on the behavior characteristics of access, were proposed to identify the frequently accessed hot data and dynamically manage the data storage medium as to maximize the system access performance. In order to improve the search performance of keys, an optimized secondary index strategy was proposed to reduce I/O overhead and optimize the search performance of non-primary key indexes. Comparative experiments were conducted on real medical data sets. The experimental results show that the optimized retrieval model can meet the needs of hot data access and diversified medical data retrieval
Recent Advances in Nanowire‐Based, Flexible, Freestanding Electrodes for Energy Storage
The rational design of flexible electrodes is essential for achieving high performance in flexible and wearable energy‐storage devices, which are highly desired with fast‐growing demands for flexible electronics. Owing to the one‐dimensional structure, nanowires with continuous electron conduction, ion diffusion channels, and good mechanical properties are particularly favorable for obtaining flexible freestanding electrodes that can realize high energy/power density, while retaining long‐term cycling stability under various mechanical deformations. This Minireview focuses on recent advances in the design, fabrication, and application of nanowire‐based flexible freestanding electrodes with diverse compositions, while highlighting the rational design of nanowire‐based materials for high‐performance flexible electrodes. Existing challenges and future opportunities towards a deeper fundamental understanding and practical applications are also presented
Recent Advances in Nanowire‐Based, Flexible, Freestanding Electrodes for Energy Storage
The rational design of flexible electrodes is essential for achieving high performance in flexible and wearable energy‐storage devices, which are highly desired with fast‐growing demands for flexible electronics. Owing to the one‐dimensional structure, nanowires with continuous electron conduction, ion diffusion channels, and good mechanical properties are particularly favorable for obtaining flexible freestanding electrodes that can realize high energy/power density, while retaining long‐term cycling stability under various mechanical deformations. This Minireview focuses on recent advances in the design, fabrication, and application of nanowire‐based flexible freestanding electrodes with diverse compositions, while highlighting the rational design of nanowire‐based materials for high‐performance flexible electrodes. Existing challenges and future opportunities towards a deeper fundamental understanding and practical applications are also presented
Scalable fabrication and active site identification of MOF shell-derived nitrogen-doped carbon hollow frameworks for oxygen reduction
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials as promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts attract great interest in fuel cells and metal-air batteries because of their relatively high activity, high surface area, high conductivity and low cost. To maximize their catalytic efficiency, rational design of efficient electrocatalysts with rich exposed active sites is highly desired. Besides, due to the complexity of nitrogen species, the identification of active nitrogen sites for ORR remains challenging. Herein, we develop a facile and scalable template method to construct high-concentration nitrogen-doped carbon hollow frameworks (NC), and reveal the effect of different nitrogen species on their ORR activity on basis of experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. The formation mechanism is clearly revealed, including low-pressure vapor superassembly of thin zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) shell on ZnO templates, in situ carbonization and template removal. The obtained NC-800 displays better ORR activity compared with other NC-700 and NC-900 samples. Our results indicate that the superior ORR activity of NC-800 is mainly attributed to its content balance of three nitrogen species. The graphitic N and pyrrolic N sites are responsible for lowering the working function, while the pyridinic N and pyrrolic N sites as possible active sites are beneficial for increasing the density of states
Earth Abundant Fe/Mn-Based Layered Oxide Interconnected Nanowires for Advanced K‑Ion Full Batteries
K-ion
battery (KIB) is a new-type energy storage device that possesses potential
advantages of low-cost and abundant resource of K precursor materials.
However, the main challenge lies on the lack of stable materials to
accommodate the intercalation of large-size K-ions. Here we designed
and constructed a novel earth abundant Fe/Mn-based layered oxide interconnected
nanowires as a cathode in KIBs for the first time, which exhibits
both high capacity and good cycling stability. On the basis of advanced
in situ X-ray diffraction analysis and electrochemical characterization,
we confirm that interconnected K<sub>0.7</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> nanowires can provide stable framework structure,
fast K-ion diffusion channels, and three-dimensional electron transport
network during the depotassiation/potassiation processes. As a result,
a considerable initial discharge capacity of 178 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> is achieved when measured for KIBs. Besides, K-ion full batteries
based on interconnected K<sub>0.7</sub>Fe<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> nanowires/soft carbon are assembled, manifesting over
250 cycles with a capacity retention of <b>∼</b>76%.
This work may open up the investigation of high-performance K-ion
intercalated earth abundant layered cathodes and will push the development
of energy storage systems