Detección de una proteína asociada a la enfermedad de la necrosis hepatopancreatica aguda (AHPND) en Litopenaeus vannamei bajo cultivo semi-intensivo en Ecuador

The present study aimed to detect a protein associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (AHPND) by mass spectrometry, reared under semi-intensive farming in Ecuador. Sick shrimps from three farms were collected in the Bellavista area in the El Oro province. The hepatopancreas were macerated and cultured in TCBS medium and subcultured in TSA and LB broth. In the bacterial strains obtained, the proteins were extracted using a commercial kit and separated by SDS-PAGE gel migration. These were analyzed with a MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer. The confirmation of the strains was performed by PCR using TUMSAT-Vp3 primers, which are specific for detecting AHPND. One of the strains had peptide sequences similar to that of the PirvpB protein causing AHPND, and was identified as belonging to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and carrying the gene coding for PirvpB. The results showed that it is possible to use MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry in the detection of AHPND-associated proteins in shrimp culture.La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo detectar una proteína asociada a la necrosis hepatopancreática aguda (AHPND), en cultivos semi-intensivos en Ecuador. Se recolectaron camarones enfermos de tres camaroneras en la zona de Bellavista, provincia El Oro. Los hepatopáncreas fueron macerados y cultivados en medio TCBS y subcultivos en TSA y caldo LB. De las cepas bacterianas obtenidas, se extrajo las proteínas usando un kit comercial y se separaron mediante migración en gel SDS-PAGE. Estas fueron analizadas con un espectrómetro de masas MALDI TOF/TOF. La confirmación de las cepas se realizó mediante PCR utilizando cebadores TUMSAT-Vp3, que son específicos para detectar AHPND. Una de las cepas tuvo secuencias peptídicas similares a la de la proteína PirvpB, causante de AHPND, y fue identificada como perteneciente a Vibrio parahaemolyticus y portadora del gen que codifica PirvpB, por tanto, positiva para AHPND. Los resultados mostraron que es posible usar la espectrometría de masas MALDI TOF/TOF en la detección de proteínas asociadas a AHPND en el cultivo de camarón

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Efecto de la densidad de siembra sobre el crecimiento y supervivencia de anadara tuberculosa (sowerby, 1833) con semillas obtenidas en laboratorio

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en el manglar colindante a la Facultad de Ingeniería Pesquera de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes (3°30'21,43" S y 80°23'48,36" O), del 25 de enero del 2012 al 26 enero del 2013, tuvo como objetivo general, determinar el efecto de la densidad de siembra sobre el incremento en longitud y peso, así como la supervivencia de Anadara tuberculosa sembradas en su medio natural, el manglar, a tres densidades con semillas obtenidas en laboratorio. Para lograr el propósito se instalaron corrales de 2m x 1m, en donde se colocaron tres tratamientos t1=20, t0=40, y t2=60 (ind./m-2), en un periodo que duró doce meses. Durante la investigación se midió en milímetros, la longitud total de la valva (lt), altura de la valva (h), espesor de la valva (e) y se le tomó el peso total (pt), en gramos. Durante los 5 primeros meses el incremento tanto en longitud con en peso fue menor (0,98±0,68 mm/mes y 0,15±0,09 g/mes), que en los 7 meses sucesivos (1,4±0,37 mm/mes y 0,27±0,09 g/mes); sin embargo, aunque estadísticamente a través de un Análisis de varianza a un 95 % de confianza, no hubo significancia entre ellos, el tratamiento t1 (20 ind./m-2) tuvo el mejor incremento en la longitud y peso (1,36±0,47 mm/mes y 0,26±0,12 g/mes), que los otros dos ensayos t0 y t2 (0,95±0,68 y 0,94±0,64 mm/mes; 0,22±0,14 y 0,22±0,14 g/mes). La supervivencia fue mayor en el tratamiento t1 (20 ind./m-2) con 60,7 %, que en los tratamientos t0 y t2 (50,58 % y 49,56 %).ABSTRACT The present research was carried out in the adjacent mangroves to the Faculty of Fishing Engineering of the National University of Tumbes (3°30'21,43" S and 80°23'48,36" W), from January 25th of 2012 to January 26th of 2013, the general objective was to determine the effect of the sowing density on the increment in length and weight, as well as the survival of Anadara tuberculosa sowed in its natural environment, the swamp, to three densities with seeds obtained in laboratory. To achieve the purpose, corrals of 2m x 1m where settled, there were three treatments t1=20, t0=40, and t2=60 (ind./m-2), during twelve months. During the investigation the total length of the valve was measured (lt), height of the valve (h), thickness of the valve, all in millimetrer and the total weight (pt) in grams. During the first five months the increment in length as well as in weight was smaller (0,98±0,68 mm/month and 0,15±0,09 g/month) that in the seven successive months (1,4±0,37 mm/month and 0,27±0,09 g/month); however, although statistically through an Analysis of Variance to a level of 95% of confidence, there was no significant difference among them, the treatment t1 (20 ind./m-2) had the highest increment in length and weight (1,36±0,47 mm/month and 0,26±0,12 g/month) than the others t0 and t2 (0,95±0,68 and 0,94±0,64 mm/month; 0,22±0,14 and 0,22±0,14 g/month). The survival was higher in the treatment t1 (20 ind./m-2) with 60,7% that in the treatments t0 andt2 (50,58% and 49,56%)