The paleoenvironmental and thermal histories of the Permian Irati formation shale in the paraná basin, Brazil: An integrated approach based on mineralogical and organic imprints

ABSTRACT: Mineralogical assemblages and organofacies are important sources of information to recover the paleoenvironmental and thermal histories of shale deposits. In this study, a detailed qualitative and quantitative characterization of the Permian Irati Formation (Assistência Member) shale is based on mineralogical (XRD and SEM-EDS) and organic components (TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, organofacies, TAI, fluorescence and vitrinite reflectance measurements) and provides integrated data about sediment provenance, depositional environment, diagenesis, and thermal history, while supporting interpretations on the Paraná Basin (PB), Brazil, paleogeography and its correlation to the southwest Gondwana. The results revealed a prevailing type I/II kerogen, with type III kerogen being also present but mainly confined along the paleoshoreline of the PB. The dominance of fluorescent amorphous organic matter (AOM) combined with framboidal pyrite suggests microbial activity in an anoxic-dysoxic neritic-marine paleoenvironment. Additionally, common to abundant well-preserved phytoclasts, as well as the occurrence of Botryococcus braunii, indicates freshwater influx in a brackish marine depositional setting. Immature to early-oil window thermal maturities prevail across the PB, according to the organic maturation indicators. The combined analysis between the organic matter evolution with clay mineralogy, such as the occurrence of interstratified clays (e.g., I/S) and its positive correlation with depth suggest that burial diagenesis reached the transition to early catagenesis on the north, southeast, and south of the basin, attributing a shale oil potential for the Irati Formation on a regional scale. Local scale imprints of the Early Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (LIP), and its thermal effect in the Irati Formation shale components, are recorded as clay authigenesis (e.g., smectite webby texture and clay coating development), crystallization of minerals by low to high-grade of thermal alteration (e.g., corrensite, talc, lizardite and diopside), and by local scale gas-window maturities. Such thermal alteration, identified in the proximity to intruded sills and dykes, led to a heterogeneous organic maturation pattern with implications on shale gas and shale oil potential of the Irati Formation shale, demonstrating that these subjects in the Paraná Basin should be assessed locally.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nets desempenham papel importante nas doenças crônicas: uma revisão de literatura

Introduction: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are the result of extrusion of various components by neutrophils, and act to eradicate the pathogens present, as well as providing mechanical barrier, thus preventing the spread of microorganisms. Chronic diseases have been found to have a significant influence on these NETs, which by specific mechanisms produce negative effects on pathogenesis. Methods: Bibliographic review using Google Scholar, Medline, Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) as databases. The search was performed in articles published from 2000 to 2019, in Portuguese and/or English languages. Development: It was evidenced that each disease in question is aggravated by NETs in a different way, either by inflammatory exacerbation or physical barrier, and the participation of pathogens in the neutrophil stimulation inducing process can be considered. Conclusion: Understanding the process of formation of NETs, ie, NETose, may help future findings that could contribute to mitigate the injury caused by the neutrophil mechanism, which involves multiple cytokines, granules and DNA molecules.extrusão de diversos componentes pelos neutrófilos, e agem com o intuito de erradicar os patógenos presentes, além de propiciar barreira mecânica, evitando assim, a disseminação de microrganismos. Foi descoberto que doenças crônicas possuem influência significativa dessas NETs, que por mecanismos específicos, produzem efeitos negativos sobre a patogênese. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica utilizando como bases de dados o Google acadêmico, Medline, Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed) e na biblioteca eletrônica Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). A busca foi realizada em artigos publicados no período de 2000 a 2019 em português e/ou inglês. Desenvolvimento: Foi evidenciado que cada doença em questão é agravada pelas NETs de uma maneira distinta, seja pela exacerbação inflamatória ou pela barreira física, e ainda pode-se considerar a participação de patógenos no processo indutor de estimulação dos neutrófilos. Conclusão: O entendimento do processo de formação das NETs, ou seja, a NETose, pode auxiliar em futuros achados que poderiam contribuir para amenizar a injúria causada pelo mecanismo dos neutrófilos, que envolve múltiplas citocinas, grânulos e moléculas de DNA

Smooth hybrid inflation in supergravity with a running spectral index and early star formation

It is shown that in a smooth hybrid inflation model in supergravity adiabatic fluctuations with a running spectral index with \ns >1 on a large scale and \ns <1 on a smaller scale can be naturally generated, as favored by the first-year data of WMAP. It is due to the balance between the nonrenormalizable term in the superpotential and the supergravity effect. However, since smooth hybrid inflation does not last long enough to reproduce the central value of observation, we invoke new inflation after the first inflation. Its initial condition is set dynamically during smooth hybrid inflation and the spectrum of fluctuations generated in this regime can have an appropriate shape to realize early star formation as found by WMAP. Hence two new features of WMAP observations are theoretically explained in a unified manner.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Growth and body composition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the growth and body composition of pre-pubertal diabetic children, and to check for influence of the age of diabetes onset and length, sex, insulin requirement and glycosylated hemoglobin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 59 diabetic children (39 M; 29 F), age 1.2-11.5 years, and 67 controls (36 M; 31 F), age 1.2-11.7 years were included. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, skin folds, fat mass and muscle areas were evaluated and transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS). RESULTS: Among the diabetic children the mean height SDS was -0.13 (&plusmn; 0.97) while in the control group it was 0.28 (&plusmn; 0.86) (p= 0.013). The difference between the first and the current height SDS showed that the height SDS decreased significantly (p< 0.001) and multiple regression analysis indicated correlation with the duration of the disease. The mean arm fat SDS also revealed difference (p< 0.001). The means for weight, BMI, addition of 3 skinfolds and muscle mass did not demonstrate difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The diabetic children showed reduction of height SDS during the period studied and they were significantly shorter than the controls, even though their statures were within the population standards. The arm fat area also showed to be increased in relation with the controls.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o crescimento e a composição corporal de diabéticos tipo 1, pré-púberes, em relação à idade de início e tempo da doença, sexo, dose de insulina e hemoglobina glicada média. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo 59 crianças diabéticas (30 M; 29 F), entre 1,2 e 11,5 anos, e 67 controles (36 M; 31 F), entre 1,2 e 11,7 anos. Peso, altura, IMC, perímetro braquial, pregas cutâneas e áreas de massa gorda e muscular braquial foram avaliados e transformados em escore z. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que entre os diabéticos a média de escore z de altura foi -0,13 (&plusmn; 0,97), enquanto no grupo controle foi de 0,28 (&plusmn; 0,86) (p= 0,013). A diferença entre os escores de altura inicial e atual mostrou perda estatural (p< 0,001) e a análise multivariada demonstrou associação com tempo de doença. Também observou-se diferença na área de gordura braquial (p< 0,001). As médias de escore z de peso, IMC, soma de 3 dobras e área muscular braquial não diferiram entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: As crianças diabéticas apresentaram perda de estatura durante o período de acompanhamento e eram significativamente mais baixas que os controles, embora suas alturas ainda estivessem dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Também mostraram área de gordura braquial aumentada em relação aos controles.49049