Cyclin A1 is essential for setting the pluripotent state and reducing tumorigenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells

The proper differentiation and threat of cancer rising from the application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are major bottlenecks in the field and are thought to be inherently linked to the pluripotent nature of iPS cells. To address this question, we have compared iPS cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the gold standard of ground state pluripotency, in search for proteins that may improve pluripotency of iPS cells. We have found that when reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency, 1%-5% of proteins of 5 important cell functions are not set to the correct expression levels compared to ESCs, including mainly cell cycle proteins. We have shown that resetting cyclin A1 protein expression of early-passage iPS cells closer to the ground state pluripotent state of mouse ESCs improves the pluripotency and reduces the threat of cancer of iPS cells. This work is a proof of principle that reveals that setting expression of certain proteins correctly during reprogramming is essential for achieving ESC-state pluripotency. This finding would be of immediate help to those researchers in different fields of iPS cell work that specializes in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton

Plant hormones increase efficiency of reprogramming mouse somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells and reduce tumorigenicity

Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by defined pluripotency and self-renewal factors has taken stem cell technology to the forefront of regenerative medicine. However, a number of challenges remain in the field including efficient protocols and the threat of cancer. Reprogramming of plant somatic cells to plant embryonic stem cells using a combination of two plant hormones was discovered in 1957 and has been a routine university laboratory practical for over 30 years. The plant hormones responsible for cell reprogramming to pluripotency, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and isopentenyl adenosine (IPA), are present in human cells, leading to the exciting possibility that plant hormones might reprogram mammalian cells without genetic factors. We found that plant hormones on their own could not reprogram mammalian cells but increase the efficiency of the early formation of iPS cells combined with three defined genetic factors during the first 3 weeks of reprogramming by accelerating the cell cycle and regulating pluripotency genes. Moreover, the cytokinin IPA, a known human anticancer agent, reduced the threat of cancer of iPS cell in vitro by regulating key cancer and stem cell-related genes, most notably c-Myc and Igf-1. In conclusion, the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinin, are new small chemicals useful for enhancing early reprogramming efficiency of mammalian cells and reducing the threat of cancer from iPS cells. These findings suggest a novel role for plant hormones in the biology of mammalian cell plasticit

(La función del ciclo celular en la auto-renovación y la pluripotencia de las células madre embrionarias humanas)

[eng] Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst and have the capacity for unlimited proliferation while retaining their potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types when cultured in vitro. These properties have made of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) an excellent model on which to study the conditions required for differentiation into specific cell lineages, and consequently the possibility of transplanting specific cell types into damaged tissues. The continued turn over of ESC while maintaining an undifferentiated state is dependent on unusual cell cycle properties. These unusual proliferative properties are responsible for the generation of tumours when these cells are injected into adult animals. Thus, the study of the unusual proliferative properties of hESC needs to be addressed if their potential is to be realized. To date, most studies of the cell cycle in hESC have been descriptive, lacking functional studies that reveal the mechanisms of how the cell cycle maintains pluripotency and self- renewal of hESC. In this thesis we sought to understand the mechanisms of cell cycle control of hESC. We asked the question if a single cell cycle gene could regulate the self-renewal or pluripotency properties of hESC using a gain and loss of gene function strategy. We have identified that the protein expression of the p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor was low in human pluripotent cells, but its expression increased during differentiation together with changes in the cell cycle structure of pluripotent cells. By adopting a gain and loss of function strategy we increased or reduced its expression in undifferentiating conditions to define its functional role in self-renewal and pluripotency of Hesc, using undifferentiation conditions, overexpression of p27Kip1 in hESC lead to a G1 phase arrest with an enlarged and flattened hESC morphology and consequently loss of self-renewal ability. Loss of p27Kip1 caused an increase of self-renewal while maintaining an undifferentiated phenotype. Moreover, we have shown that a change in the balance of p27Kip1 levels in undifferentiated hESC affects expression of the mesoderm markers: BRACHYURY and TWIST. We have found that expression changes of TWIST are associated with the presence of p27Kip1 protein in the TWIST1 gene promoter. The results presented in this thesis have interesting implications in stem cell biology. Firstly, these results define that the maintenance of p27Kip1 protein levels at a certain level is essential for self-renewal and pluripotency of hESC. Secondly, p27Kip1 is involved in the regulation of TWIST which is upregulated in several types of tumours and induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition to facilitate tumor metastasis.[spa] Las células madre embrionarias humanas (conocidas como hESC por sus siglas en inglés de human embryonic stem cells) son derivadas de la masa celular interna de los blastocistos y poseen la capacidad para auto-renovarse ilimitadamente, reteniendo su potencial para diferenciarse hace una amplia variedad de tipos celulares (pluripotencia), cuando son cultivadas in vitro. Estas propiedades permiten el estudio de las condiciones requeridas para la diferenciación hacia linajes específicos y la posibilidad de trasplantar tipos celulares específicos en tejidos dañados. El continuo recambio de las hESC al mismo tiempo que mantienen un estado de indiferenciación es dependiente de sus inusuales propiedades proliferativas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue el estudio de los mecanismos de control del ciclo celular de las hESC. Nos preguntamos si una única proteína del ciclo celular podría regular las propiedades de auto-renovación o pluripotencia de las hESC. En esta tesis doctoral identificamos que la expresión proteica del inhibidor del ciclo celular p27Kip1 era baja en diversas líneas celulares humanas pluripotentes pero aumentó durante la diferenciación, al mismo tiempo que la estructura del ciclo celular cambió. Mediante una estrategia de ganancia y pérdida de función, aumentamos o reducimos la expresión de p27Kip1 a fin de definir su función en la auto-renovación y la pluripotencia de las hESC. En condiciones de indiferenciación, la sobreexpresión de p27Kip1 en las hESC resultó en un arresto del ciclo celular en fase G1 y un cambio hacia una morfología más grande y aplanada, y consiguiente pérdida de la propiedad de auto-renovación. La pérdida de p27Kip1 causó un aumento de la auto-renovación manteniendo un fenotipo indiferenciado. También, hemos demostrado que un cambio en la expresión de p27Kip1 en hESC indiferenciadas afecta la expresión de los reguladores de mesodermo: BRACHYURY y TWIST. Además, hemos descubierto que los cambios en la expresión de TWIST están asociados con la presencia de la proteína p27Kip1 en el promotor de TWIST1. Estos resultados definen que los niveles de expresión de p27Kip1 son críticos para la auto-renovación y la pluripotencia de las hESC y sugieren una función para p27Kip1 en el control de la transición de epitelio a mesénquima

Cyclin A1 is essential for setting the pluripotent state and reducing tumorigenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells

The proper differentiation and threat of cancer rising from the application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are major bottlenecks in the field and are thought to be inherently linked to the pluripotent nature of iPS cells. To address this question, we have compared iPS cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the gold standard of ground state pluripotency, in search for proteins that may improve pluripotency of iPS cells. We have found that when reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency, 1%-5% of proteins of 5 important cell functions are not set to the correct expression levels compared to ESCs, including mainly cell cycle proteins. We have shown that resetting cyclin A1 protein expression of early-passage iPS cells closer to the ground state pluripotent state of mouse ESCs improves the pluripotency and reduces the threat of cancer of iPS cells. This work is a proof of principle that reveals that setting expression of certain proteins correctly during reprogramming is essential for achieving ESC-state pluripotency. This finding would be of immediate help to those researchers in different fields of iPS cell work that specializes in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton

Rem2 GTPase maintains survival of human embryonic stem cells as well as enhancing reprogramming by regulating p53 and cyclin D1

Human pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the unique abilities of differentiation into any cell type of the organism (pluripotency) and indefinite self-renewal. Here, we show that the Rem2 GTPase, a suppressor of the p53 pathway, is up-regulated in hESCs and, by loss- and gain-of-function studies, that it is a major player in the maintenance of hESC self-renewal and pluripotency. We show that Rem2 mediates the fibroblastic growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling pathway to maintain proliferation of hESCs. We demonstrate that Rem2 effects are mediated by suppressing the transcriptional activity of p53 and cyclin D(1) to maintain survival of hESCs. Importantly, Rem2 does this by preventing protein degradation during DNA damage. Given that Rem2 maintains hESCs, we also show that it is as efficient as c-Myc by enhancing reprogramming of human somatic cells into iPSCs eightfold. Rem2 does this by accelerating the cell cycle and protecting from apoptosis via its effects on cyclin D(1) expression/localization and suppression of p53 transcription. We show that the effects of Rem2 on cyclin D(1) are independent of p53 function. These results define the cell cycle and apoptosis as a rate-limiting step during the reprogramming phenomena. Our studies highlight the possibility of reprogramming somatic cells by imposing hESC-specific cell cycle features for making safer iPSCs for cell therapy use