A sangre y fuego: El papel de los actores económicos en el conflicto armado: el caso de Urabá y el Bajo Atrato

Las dinámicas del conflicto armado en Colombia se pueden determinar a partir de factores temporales y espaciales. Cada uno de ellos, con elementos analíticos importantes para comprender patrones, actores, responsabilidades y formas de superación y/o transformación de la violencia, ya sea a partir de modelos de justicia transicional o de construcción de memoria colectiva. La región del Urabá y Bajo Atrato, como parte del sistema del Chocó Biogeográfico, posee características vitales en términos culturales, biológicos, políticos y económicos, que la convierten en una zona particular de las demás del país. A su vez, Chocó, es el único departamento con costas en los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico, circunstancia que lo sitúa en una posición geográfica estratégica en diferentes aspectos, algunos de ellos asociados a la proliferación de grupos armados (Valencia et al., 2018). En este sentido, el presente artículo de investigación tendrá como objetivo analizar desde una perspectiva socio jurídica, el papel de los actores económicos -terceros civiles- y el posible marco de responsabilidad en el conflicto armado, especialmente en esta región del Urabá antioqueño y Bajo Atrato. En razón a lo anterior, se logró determinar dos categorías a observar: a) la reorganización social y política del territorio a partir de la concentración de la tierra; b) una lectura a los modelos transicionales implementados en Colombia y como alterno, la posibilidad de construcción de un modelo de justicia transicional que satisfaga los derechos a la verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición de las víctimas y la sociedad colombiana.Universidad Libre de Colombia - Facultad de Derecho - Especialización en Derecho AdministrativoThe dynamics of the armed conflict in Colombia can be determined based on temporal and spatial factors. Each of them, with important analytical elements to understand patterns, actors, responsibilities and ways of overcoming and/or transforming violence, either from models of transitional justice or construction of collective memory. The Urabá and Bajo Atrato region, as part of the Chocó Biogeographic system, has vital characteristics in cultural, biological, political and economic terms, which make it a particular area from the rest of the country. In turn, Chocó is the only department with coasts on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, a circumstance that places it in a strategic geographical position in different aspects, some of them associated with the proliferation of armed groups (Valencia et al., 2018). In this sense, this research article will aim to analyze from a socio-legal perspective, the role of economic actors -civilian third parties- and the possible framework of responsibility in the armed conflict, especially in this region of Urabá Antioquia and Bajo Atrato. Due to the above, it was possible to determine two categories to observe: a) the social and political reorganization of the territory from the concentration of the land; b) a reading of the transitional models implemented in Colombia and as an alternative, the possibility of building a model of transitional justice that satisfies the rights to truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-repetition of the victims and Colombian society

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Studies of the mass composition of cosmic rays and proton-proton interaction cross-sections at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

In this work, we present an estimate of the cosmic-ray mass composition from the distributions of the depth of the shower maximum (Xmax) measured by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We discuss the sensitivity of the mass composition measurements to the uncertainties in the properties of the hadronic interactions, particularly in the predictions of the particle interaction cross-sections. For this purpose, we adjust the fractions of cosmic-ray mass groups to fit the data with Xmax distributions from air shower simulations. We modify the proton-proton cross-sections at ultra-high energies, and the corresponding air shower simulations with rescaled nucleus-air cross-sections are obtained via Glauber theory. We compare the energy-dependent composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays obtained for the different extrapolations of the proton-proton cross-sections from low-energy accelerator data