Da poesia ao desenvolvimento da competência literária: propostas metodológicas e didáticas para o ensino-aprendizagem da língua portuguesa nos 1.º e 2.º ciclos do ensino básico

Tese de doutoramento em Estudos da Criança (especialidade de Literatura para a Infância)Tendo por base os resultados de diversos estudos nacionais e europeus sobre os níveis de literacia dos portugueses, o desenvolvimento da proficiência na leitura foi assumido como um desígnio educativo nacional. Na sequência desta actual preocupação, este estudo procura demonstrar que a poesia, dadas as suas particularidades linguísticas, literárias e estéticas, constitui um género literário privilegiado no aperfeiçoamento da competência literária. No entanto, vários indicadores apontam para a forma equivocada com que a poesia tem vindo a ser trabalhada nas nossas escolas, principalmente nos primeiros níveis de escolaridade. Por conseguinte, defende-se nesta dissertação uma configuração apelativa da prática pedagógico-didática relativamente à abordagem da poesia em sala de aula, que passa, antes de mais, pela sensibilização dos professores para a necessidade de conhecerem as características do texto poético e as suas potencialidades na formação de leitores competentes, críticos e reflexivos. Assim, na primeira parte, apresenta-se um quadro teórico, alicerçado por estudos literários recentes sobre poesia, competência literária e fruição estética. Neste enquadramento, apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre o leitor, mais concretamente sobre as necessidades e especificidades da criança leitora, e definem-se as principais particularidades da linguagem poética nos textos de potencial receção infantil. Seguidamente, procede-se ao estudo do tratamento metodológico da poesia na realidade educativa portuguesa. Analisam-se os documentos oficiais que regulam o sistema de ensino português, bem como as mais recentes medidas educativas no âmbito da Língua Portuguesa, procurando saber-se de que forma estas ações normativas contemplam a aprendizagem da poesia na promoção da competência literácita. Para melhor se conhecer a prática docente, relativamente à abordagem da poesia em sala de aula, aplicou-se um Inquérito por Questionário nas escolas de 1.º e de 2.º Ciclos de um dos concelhos do distrito do Porto. Os resultados, associados aos outros instrumentos analisados, confirmam os pressupostos iniciais deste estudo sobre o desaproveitamento deste género literário, em contexto escolar, na promoção do leitor cooperativo e reconstrutor de sentidos. Na terceira parte desta investigação, recorrendo a textos poéticos de autores contemporâneos portugueses, são apresentadas estratégias e propostas de atividades pedagógico-didáticas para a abordagem da poesia nos 1.º e 2.º Ciclos. Este estudo, ao subscrever um programa de leitura fundamentado na literatura, procura contribuir para a afirmação da transversalidade dos saberes no âmbito do Ensino Básico, atendendo ao facto de que não é possível isolar a leitura, e a leitura da poesia em particular, do desenvolvimento das outras competências em língua materna nem dos conhecimentos correspondentes aos domínios de outras áreas disciplinares. Por outro lado, decorrente do anterior pressuposto, pretende-se promover a melhoria das práticas de ensinoaprendizagem da poesia no contexto do 1.º e do 2.º Ciclos.Low standards of literacy in Portugal are a current educational concern. Therefore, this Ph. D. thesis suggests that poetry, given their particular linguistic, literary and aesthetic features, is a privileged literary genre in the development of literary skills. However, several indicators suggest that poetry has been neglected in our schools syllabi, especially in early school years. As a result, this study argues in favour of the implementation of a creative and an effective classroom work relying on poetry, and recognizes the need to develop teachers’ awareness of the potential benefits of poetry as a teaching and learning tool for a range of academic skills. Thus, in the first part, a theoretical framework is presented based on recent literary studies related to poetry, literary competence and aesthetic fruition. This framework focuses both on the role of the reader, namely on the child reader’s needs and particular characteristics, and on poetry specificities in the context of children’s literature.Secondly, a look at a selection of curriculum guides provided information on poetry teaching within the Portuguese educational system. A survey was also conducted in one of the municipalities in the Oporto district, in order to identify the strategies most frequently adopted when primary and elementary schools teachers teach poetry and how children respond to and learn from reading poetry. The results, associated to other research tools, support our initial assumptions regarding the mistreated way poetry has been taught and learnt in schools. Finally, examples of poetry lessons incorporating contemporary Portuguese poetry and effective teaching strategies are suggested in this study to help primary and elementary teachers integrate poetry into their daily practice. Using the Literature-based Reading Program model, this study aims, on the one hand, to contribute to recognizing the transversality of knowledge in the context of elementary education, given the fact that it is not possible to isolate reading, and the reading poetry in particular, from the development of other skills of the Portuguese Language as well as from other areas of knowledge. On the other hand, this study also aims to promote enhanced poetry teaching and learning practices in primary and elementary school classroom

Poesia na infância e formação de leitores

Este artigo apresenta um conjunto de estratégias para ler e apreciar a poesia em contexto escolar, particularmente nos primeiros anos da escolaridade. A poesia é concebida como um tipo de texto onde a elevada concentração sígnica e a multivalência semântica, expandidas pela plurissignificação da conjugação dos elementos do conteúdo com os da expressão, possibilita, ao leitor, o contato emocional e afetivo com o estado de coisas do mundo empírico e histórico-factual, sugerindo percursos hermenêuticos plurais para o seu acesso, conhecimento e reflexão. Assume-se, ao longo do texto, que a fruição do texto poético é relevante na criação de hábitos leitores, aspeto crucial para a formação de leitores capazes de ler voluntariamente em quantidade e em qualidade.This article presents strategies for reading and appreciating poetry in schools, particularly in the early elementary grades. Poetry is conceived as a type of text where the high concentration of symbolism and the semantic multi-valence, expanded by the plural signification of the conjugation of the elements of content with those of expression, allow the reader to have emotional contact with the state of things from the empiric and historic-factual world, suggesting plural hermeneutic paths to their access, knowledge and reflection. The paper understands that the fruition of the poetic text is important in the creation of readers’ habits, an essential factor for the formation of readers who are capable of reading voluntarily in quantity and quality.Este texto presenta un conjunto de estrategias para leer y apreciar la poesía en el contexto de la escuela, en los primeros años. Se entiende que la poesía es un tipo de texto adonde la elevada concentranción sígnica y la multivalencia semántica, expandidas por la plurisignificación del conjunto de elementos del contenido conjugados con los de la expresión, posibilita, al lector, el contacto emocional y afectivo con el estado de cosas del mundo empírico e histórico-factual, sugiriendo caminos hermenéuticos plurales para su acceso, conocimiento y reflexión. Se defiende que el fruir del texto poético es relevante para la creación de hábitos lectores, aspecto crucial para la formación de lectores que leen voluntariamente en cuantidad e con cualidad.CIEC - Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, UM (UI 317 da FCT

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used