Deception in Optimal Control

In this paper, we consider an adversarial scenario where one agent seeks to achieve an objective and its adversary seeks to learn the agent's intentions and prevent the agent from achieving its objective. The agent has an incentive to try to deceive the adversary about its intentions, while at the same time working to achieve its objective. The primary contribution of this paper is to introduce a mathematically rigorous framework for the notion of deception within the context of optimal control. The central notion introduced in the paper is that of a belief-induced reward: a reward dependent not only on the agent's state and action, but also adversary's beliefs. Design of an optimal deceptive strategy then becomes a question of optimal control design on the product of the agent's state space and the adversary's belief space. The proposed framework allows for deception to be defined in an arbitrary control system endowed with a reward function, as well as with additional specifications limiting the agent's control policy. In addition to defining deception, we discuss design of optimally deceptive strategies under uncertainties in agent's knowledge about the adversary's learning process. In the latter part of the paper, we focus on a setting where the agent's behavior is governed by a Markov decision process, and show that the design of optimally deceptive strategies under lack of knowledge about the adversary naturally reduces to previously discussed problems in control design on partially observable or uncertain Markov decision processes. Finally, we present two examples of deceptive strategies: a "cops and robbers" scenario and an example where an agent may use camouflage while moving. We show that optimally deceptive strategies in such examples follow the intuitive idea of how to deceive an adversary in the above settings

The Profile of Students’ Learning Difficulties in Concepts Mastery in Calculus Course

This research was conducted because of the low students’ learning outcomes in concepts mastery in calculus course. The purpose of this research was to obtain the concepts mastery profile of the second semester students of the Mathematics Education Study Program. The results obtained in this study were used as reference materials for calculus course and to influence the lecturers to find the right approach or learning model in order to improve students’ concept mastery. This study employed the descriptive-quantitative method. The results showed that the students' were having learning difficulties in concepts mastery in calculus course. The learning difficulties were caused by low concepts mastery and low mathematical principles understanding that led the students into wrong process skills. The difficulties experienced by the students such as difficulties in understanding the concepts and principles of the absolute value of the material, limit functions, and derivatives so that their answers were not as expected

EVALUASI KUALITAS INFORMASI SITUS WEB PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN TOLIKARA

AbstractInformation quality is one of the main indicators of successful application of information systems. System quality and information quality are both of the main factors determining user satisfaction and the success of an information system. This means that the quality of information determines public satisfaction and the successful implementation of e-Government in a government environment. Tolikara district in Papua province has had a website for a long time, but based on observations, various weaknesses are found in the quality of information. Therefore, in this study using descriptive qualitative methods and using 20 variables to measure the quality of website information, namely Accuracy, Consistency, Security, Timeliness, Completeness, Concise, Reliability, Accessibility, Objectivity, Relevancy, Useability, Understandability, Amount. of data Believability, Navigation, Reputation, Useful, Efficiency and Value-Added. Based on the analysis, it is found that there are several weaknesses or shortcomings, namely that some important data and information about the regions are not yet available on the Website, some menus and sub menus are not yet functioning properly and the existence of the Website is not quite useful for the public. Therefore, the recommendation is to improve the quality of information as a whole so that the existence of the website can provide benefits to the public and also facilitate the tasks of the Tolikara Regency Government.Keywords : Information Quality, e-Government, Website, Tolikara1. PENDAHULUAN Kualitas Informasi merupakan salah satu indikator utama keberhasilan penerapan sistem informasi.Kualitas sistem dan kualitas informasi adalah keduanya faktor utama yang menentukan kepuasan pengguna dan keberhasilan sistem informasi. Artinya bahwa kualitas informasi yang menentukan kepuasan publik dan keberhasilan implementasi e-Government dalam lingkungan Pemerintahan.Kabupaten Tolikara di Provinsi Papua sudah memiliki Situs Web sejak lama tetapi berdasarkan pengamatan ditemukan berbagai kelemahan dalam hal kualitas informasi. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dan menggunakan 20 variable untuk mengukur kualitas informasi Situs Web, yaitu yaitu Accuracy, Consistency, Security, Timeliness, Completeness,Concise, Reliability, Accessibility Availability, Objectivity, Relevancy, Useability, Understandability, Amount of data Believability, Navigation, Reputation, Useful, Efficiency dan Value-Added. Berdasarkan analisis ditemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa kelemahan atau kekurangan, yaitu sebagian data dan informasi penting tentang daerah belum tersedia di Situs Web, beberapa menu dan sub menu belum berfungsi dengan baik dan keberadaan Situs Web belum cukup berguna bagi publik. Oleh karena itu,rekomendasinya adalah perbaikan kualitas informasi secara menyeluruh agar keberadaan Situs Web tersebut dapat memberikan manfaat bagi publik dan juga memudahkan tugas-tugas Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Tolikara. Kata Kunci : Kualitas Informasi, e-Government, Situs Web, Tolikar