Neural Chinese Word Segmentation with Lexicon and Unlabeled Data via Posterior Regularization

Existing methods for CWS usually rely on a large number of labeled sentences to train word segmentation models, which are expensive and time-consuming to annotate. Luckily, the unlabeled data is usually easy to collect and many high-quality Chinese lexicons are off-the-shelf, both of which can provide useful information for CWS. In this paper, we propose a neural approach for Chinese word segmentation which can exploit both lexicon and unlabeled data. Our approach is based on a variant of posterior regularization algorithm, and the unlabeled data and lexicon are incorporated into model training as indirect supervision by regularizing the prediction space of CWS models. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets in both in-domain and cross-domain scenarios validate the effectiveness of our approach.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figures, accepted by the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

-조선족 학습자를 중심으로-

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 국어교육과(한국어교육전공), 2020. 8. 윤여탁.본 연구는 조선족 학습자가 타자를 이해하고 자기의 내면에 대해 적극적으로 탐구함으로써 내적 변화와 발전을 도모할 수 있는 시 교육을 구안하는 것을 목표로 한다. 시를 읽는다는 것은 이질적인 타자와 마주하는 일이며 그와의 관계 속에서 자신을 발견하는 일이다. 학습자는 타자와의 상호소통 속에서 자신의 경험을 구체화할 수 있고, 타자와 자신을 비교 및 평가하며 새로운 자기 이해를 도모할 수 있다. 이때 학습자가 대상을 어떻게 경험하고 인식하느냐에 따라 대상의 의미가 달라질 뿐만 아니라, 학습자의 삶의 가치와 방향 또한 달라진다. 따라서 본 연구는 시 이해 과정에서 대상을 파악하고, 그 속의 참된 의미를 깨달음으로써 자신을 이해하고 내면의 성장을 도모하는 학습자의 성찰적 이해의 개념에 입각하여, 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육을 설계하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 학습자와 더불어 소통할 구체적 매개체로서 자아성찰 시를 선정하였다. 자아성찰 시는 시인 내면의 이야기를 담고 있는 작품으로 시인의 삶, 그리고 삶에 대한 성찰적 태도를 잘 형상화하고 있다. 특히 자아성찰 시 텍스트 속의 성찰과 시 텍스트를 통한 학습자의 성찰이 상동적이라는 점은 학습자들의 성찰적 이해를 이끌어 내는데 효과적이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 자아성찰 시에 대한 조선족 학습자들의 성찰적 이해 양상을 범주화하여, 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 원리를 이해 대상으로서의 타자 인식, 참여(engagement)를 통한 다중적 경험의 재구성, 소통을 통한 자기 조회로 제시하였다. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 양상은 조선족 학습자의 시 감상 자료에 대한 분석을 통해 다음과 같이 범주화하였다. 우선 이해 대상으로서의 타자를 인식하는 과정에서 학습자들은 시 텍스트의 내적 정보나 자신의 배경지식을 활용하여 타자를 인식하는 양상을 나타냈다. 다음으로 교섭을 통하여 자신의 다중적 경험을 재의미화하는 과정에서 학습자들은 자신의 경험역 안에서 타자와의 공통분모가 될 수 있는 요소들을 적극적으로 탐색하고자 하였으며, 시 텍스트의 문제의식이나 사회⋅문화적 요소에 의해 자신의 다중적 경험을 재의미화하는 모습을 보였다. 마지막으로 소통을 통하여 메타적으로 자기를 성찰하는 과정에서는 타자와의 비교를 통해 자기 객관화를 하거나, 텍스트 속 성찰이 전이되어 자기 조회를 통해 정체성 재구성으로 나아가는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 조선족 학습자들의 양상을 토대로, 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 과정에서 나타난 저해 요인 및 촉진 요인에 대해 분석하였다. 성찰적 이해의 저해 요인에는 사고의 고착화, 경험에의 매몰, 관습화된 성찰이 있으며, 촉진 요인에는 동료 학습자들과의 상호작용을 통한 자기 조회가 있다. 이같이 조선족 학습자의 한국 현대시 이해 양상 분석에서 확인된 가능성과 시사점을 바탕으로 하여 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 목표, 내용, 방법을 구안하였다. 교육 내용으로는 주체의 지향에 의한 타자 인식, 다중적 경험의 조회를 통한 공감적 이해, 자아성찰을 통한 정체성 형성을 제안하였다. 이를 달성하기 위한 교육 방법으로는 다중적 경험 맥락의 활성화를 위한 발문 제공, 소통의 구체화를 위한 자전적 글쓰기, 객관적 가치 판단을 위한 토론을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 조선족 학습자의 흥미 유발 및 창의적 사고 증진 등의 정의적 측면을 고려한 시 교육을 통해 조선족 학습자가 능동적인 감상 주체로서 성장하고 다양한 관점을 경험하여 세상을 바라보는 시야를 넓힐 수 있도록 하며, 나아가 조선족 학습자의 자기 이해 능력을 신장시키는 시 교육을 구안하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.This study aims to educate ethnic Korean learners to facilitate inner change and development by understanding the other and exploring the inner side of themselves. Reading poetry is to face a different kind of the other, and to discover oneself in a relationship with the other. Learners can shape their own experience in mutual communication with the other, and facilitate new self-understanding by comparing and evaluating themselves with others. At this moment, not only the meaning of the object will be different depending on how the learners experience and recognize the object, but also the value and direction of the learners life will be different. Therefore, this study aims to design reflective understanding education in Korean modern poetry based on the concept of reflective understanding of learners who grasp the object in the course of poetry comprehension, realize the true meaning of it, understand themselves, and facilitate inner growth. In this study, Self-reflection poetry is selected as a specific medium to communicate with learners. Self-reflection poetry is a work representing the inner story of a poet, which well embodies the poet's life and reflective attitude toward life. In particular, the fact that reflections in the "self-reflection poetry" text and learners reflections through the poetry text are homology. is effective at drawing the learners reflective understanding. From this point of view, this study categorized aspects of the reflective understanding of ethnic Korean learners about self-reflection poetry, and suggested principles of the reflective understanding of Korean modern poetry as 'recognition of the other as an object of comprehension, reorganization of multiple experiences through engagement and self-identification through communication. The aspect of reflective understanding of Korean modern poetry was categorized as follows through the analysis of ethnic Korean learners poetry report. First of all, in the course of recognition of the other as an object of comprehension, learners used the inner information of poetry text or their own background knowledge to recognize the other. Next, in the course of redefinition multiple experiences through negotiation, learners actively sought to explore factors within their experience range that could be common denominators with others, and showed themselves redefinding their multiple experiences by awareness of a problem or sociocultural factors of poetry text. Finally, in meta self-reflection through communication, it was possible to identify aspects as learners objectify themselves by comparing with other, or reflection in poetry text was transferred to learners and reorganize their identity by self-referral. Based on these aspects of ethnic Korean learners, deterrent factors and facilitating factors revealed in reflective understanding of Korean modern poetry was analyzed. The deterrent factors of reflective understanding are the fixation of thought, limitation of experience, and conventionalized reflection. Then, the facilitating factor is self-referral through interaction with fellow learners. Based on the possibilities and implications identified in the analysis of the aspects of reflective understanding of Korean modern poetry by ethnic Korean learners, the goals, contents and methods of reflective understanding education of Korean modern poetry were devised. As the contents of the education, recognition of the other as a subject, empathic understanding through reference of multiple experiences, and identity formation through self-reflection were proposed. The teaching methods to achieve these education goals were to provide question for the activation of multiple experience contexts, autobiographical writing for the embodiment of communication, and discussion for objective value judgment. This study is meaningful in which it sought to facilitate the growth of learners as active reading subjects and to expand the learners vision toward the world by experiencing various perspectives through the poetry education, in consideration of justice such as arousing the interest of learners, and triggering creative thinking, and so on. Furthermore, it has a significance of devising poetry education to enhance self-understanding ability of ethnic Korean learners.Ⅰ. 서론 1 1. 문제 제기 및 연구 목적 1 2. 연구사 검토 4 3. 연구 대상 및 연구 방법 10 Ⅱ. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 이론 16 1. 한국 현대시 교육에서 성찰적 이해의 개념 16 (1) 성찰적 이해의 개념 16 (2) 성찰적 이해 제재로서의 한국 현대시의 특징 21 2. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해의 원리 26 (1) 이해 대상으로서의 타자 인식 26 (2) 참여를 통한 다중적 경험의 재구성 31 (3) 소통을 통한 자기 조회 34 3. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 의의 36 (1) 능동적 감상 주체로서의 성장 36 (2) 문화적 소통을 통한 자기 이해 능력 신장 37 Ⅲ. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해의 양상 39 1. 이해 대상으로서의 타자 인식 40 (1) 텍스트 내적 정보를 통한 타자 인식 41 (2) 배경지식의 활성화를 통한 타자 인식 48 2. 교섭을 통한 다중적 경험의 재의미화 55 (1) 시 텍스트의 문제의식에 의한 개인적 경험의 재의미화 56 (2) 시 텍스트의 사회⋅문화적 요소에 의한 공동체 경험의 재의미화 58 3. 소통을 통한 메타적 자기 성찰 67 (1) 타자와의 비교를 통한 자기 객관화 68 (2) 성찰의 전이를 통한 정체성 재구성 71 4. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 저해 및 촉진 요인 76 (1) 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 저해 요인 76 (2) 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 촉진 요인 80 Ⅳ. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 설계 85 1. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 목표 85 2. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 내용 87 (1) 주체의 지향에 의한 타자 인식 88 (2) 다중적 경험의 조회를 통한 공감적 이해 89 (3) 자아성찰을 통한 정체성 형성 91 3. 한국 현대시의 성찰적 이해 교육의 방법 92 (1) 다중적 경험 맥락의 활성화를 위한 발문 제공 92 (2) 소통의 구체화를 위한 자전적 글쓰기 94 (3) 객관적 가치 판단을 위한 토론 96 Ⅴ. 결론 99 *참고문헌 103 *Abstract 109Maste

Application of laser remote sensing technology and super continuous spectrum laser

Fiber optic super continuous spectrum laser technology is a new technology developed in recent years. It takes into account the advantages of good alignment of laser source, high energy density and wide wavelength range of ordinary white light source, which can not only accurately remote sense distant target, but also obtain hyperspectral information of distant target. Super continuous spectrum of laser radar is a kind of remote sensing monitoring instrument, it can obtain three-dimensional spectral information of the target, and can be accurately detected in the night of distant high spectral information, the all-weather, three-dimensional spectrum detection method with the traditional passive remote sensing compared with single/multiband laser radar technology has incomparable advantages. Based on the development trend of lidar abroad, the development status of super-continuous spectrum lidar in China and the problems in remote sensing detection of oil spill, this paper introduces the feasibility of using super-continuous spectrum laser to monitor oil spill in the sea, which lays a foundation for further research

Promote Cross-Border E-Trade under the Framework of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) / Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Best Practices in the APEC Region

This report reviews cases of e-trade and cross-border e-trade development in the APEC region, analyzes e-trade and cross-border e-trade measures/provisions in selected RTAs/FTAs, researches three best practices of cross-border e-trade under the framework of RTAs/FTAs, addresses critical challenges in promoting cross-border e-trade, and puts forward several recommendations from the authors on how to promote cross-border e-trade under RTAs/FTAs, potential measures/provisions in future RTA/FTA negotiations as well as promoting the possible realization of FTAAP from the e-trade facilitation perspective

Polymorphisms of the DNA Methyltransferase 1 Gene Predict Survival of Gastric Cancer Patients Receiving Tumorectomy

DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) plays a pivotal role in maintaining DNA methylation status. Polymorphisms of DNMT1 may modify the role of DNMT1 in prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). Our aim was to test whether polymorphisms of DNMT1 gene were associated with overall survival of GC. Four hundred and forty-seven GC patients who underwent radical tumorectomy were enrolled in the study. Five tagging SNPs (rs10420321, rs16999593, rs2228612, rs2228611, and rs2288349) of the DNMT1 gene were genotyped by TaqMan assays. Kaplan-Meier survival plots and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to analyze the associations between SNPs of DNMT1 and survival of GC. Patients carrying rs2228611 GA/AA genotype tended to live longer than those bearing the GG genotype (HR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51–0.91, P=0.007). Further multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that rs2228611 was an independent prognostic factor (GA/AA versus GG: OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.49–0.91, P=0.010). Nevertheless, other SNPs did not show any significant associations with survival of GC. Polymorphisms of the DNMT1 gene may affect overall survival of GC. The SNP rs2228611 has the potentiality to serve as an independent prognostic marker for GC patients

Maize male sterile 33 encodes a putative glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that mediates anther cuticle formation and microspore development

Abstract Background The anther cuticle, which is primarily composed of lipid polymers, is crucial for pollen development and plays important roles in sexual reproduction in higher plants. However, the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of lipid polymers in maize (Zea mays. L.) remains unclear. Results Here, we report that the maize male-sterile mutant shrinking anther 1 (sa1), which is allelic to the classic mutant male sterile 33 (ms33), displays defective anther cuticle development and premature microspore degradation. We isolated MS33 via map-based cloning. MS33 encodes a putative glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and is preferentially expressed in tapetal cells during anther development. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a substantial reduction in wax and cutin in ms33 anthers compared to wild type. Accordingly, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that many genes involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis are differentially expressed in ms33 compared to wild type. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MS33 may contribute to anther cuticle and microspore development by affecting lipid polyester biosynthesis in maize

Microsatellite instability and Epstein-Barr virus combined with PD-L1 could serve as a potential strategy for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy in gastric cancer

Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive molecular subtypes exhibit complex immune responses in gastric cancer (GC), and PD-L1 has emerged as a prognostic biomarker associated with the cancer immune microenvironment. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of molecular subtypes and whether the addition of PD-L1 would accurately predict the prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy for GC patients. Methods We performed molecular subtyping of tissue microarray slides from 226 GC patients who were treated with radical gastrectomy. The MSI status and PD-L1 expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and EBV status through situ hybridization. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed on 50 cases to validate the accuracy of IHC in defining MSI status. Differences in overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results Among the 226 GC patients, 52 (23.2%) patients were classified as the MSI subtype, 11 (4.9%) were EBV+ subtype, and 161 (71.9%) were MSS (Microsatellite stable) /EBV− subtype according to TCGA analysis. Two patients were both positive for MSI and EBV infection. EBV+ cases showed higher PD-L1 positivity than MSI cases and MSS/EBV− cases (81.8% vs. 50.0% vs. 35.4%, P = 0.003). Compared with the non-MSS/EBV− (MSI or EBV+ cases) subgroup, GC patients with MSS/EBV− were associated with the worst outcomes (HR = 1.610, 95% CI [1.046–2.479], P = 0.031). MSS/EBV− GCs alone could benefit from postoperative chemotherapy (HR = 0.452, 95% CI [0.299–0.682], P < 0.001), and PD-L1-positive expression could also predict a better prognosis (HR = 0.612, 95% CI [0.389–0.962], P = 0.033) in this subgroup. Considering both chemotherapy efficacy and PD-L1 expression in the MSS/EBV− subgroup, chemotherapy could improve the prognosis for PD-L1-negative MSS/EBV− GCs (HR = 0.357, 95% CI [0.217–0.587], P < 0.001) but not PD-L1-positive MSS/EBV− GCs. Conclusions Molecular subtyping combined with PD-L1 expression could serve as a potential strategy to better predict prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy of GC patients

Study of compositions of musks in different types secreted by forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii).

Musk is a secretion of the forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Normal musk is a brown solid secretion with a light fragrance. In this study, abnormal types of musk, namely, white and black musks, were discovered during the musk collection process. Researchers have long been concerned with the components of musk. Herein, GC-MS, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to analyze the nonpolar organic components, volatile organic components, and sample similarities among different musks, respectively. Abundant steroid hormones and proteins were also found in the musk. The steroid hormone concentrations were detected using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Proteins in the samples were hydrolyzed and the amino acids concentrations were detected. The steroid hormone and amino acid concentrations in white musk were significantly lower than in normal and black musks (p<0.05). The components were subjected to NMDS analysis to understand the differences in components among different types of musk, with the results suggesting that white musk was different from normal and black musks

Disrupted myosin cross-bridge cycling kinetics triggers muscle weakness in nebulin-related myopathy

Nebulin is a giant protein expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle. Mutations in the nebulin gene (NEB) lead to muscle weakness and various congenital myopathies. Despite increasing clinical and scientific interest, the pathogenesis of weakness remains unknown. The present study, therefore, aims at unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms. Hence, we recorded and analyzed the mechanics as well as the X-ray diffraction patterns of human membrane-permeabilized single muscle fibers expressing nebulin mutations. Results demonstrated that, during contraction, the cycling rate of myosin heads attaching to actin is dramatically perturbed, causing a reduction in the fraction of myosin-actin interactions in the strong binding state. This phenomenon prevents complete thin-filament activation, more especially proper and full tropomyosin movement, further limiting additional binding of myosin cross-bridges. At the cell level, this reduces the force-generating capacity and, overall, provokes muscle weakness. To reverse such a negative cascade of events, future potential therapeutic interventions should, therefore, focus on the triggering component, the altered myosin cross-bridge cycling kinetics.—Ochala, J., Lehtokari, V.-L., Iwamoto, H., Li, M., Feng, H.-Z., Jin, J. P., Yagi, N., Wallgren-Pettersson, C. Pénisson-Besnier, I., Larsson, L. Disrupted myosin cross-bridge cycling kinetics triggers muscle weakness in nebulin-related myopathy