Ginger And Turmeric Starches Hydrolysis Using Subcritical Water + Co 2: The Effect Of The Sfe Pre-treatment

In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO2 at 150 bar, 200°C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97- 98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. The supercritical fluid extraction did not significantly modify the degree of hydrolysis in the tested conditions.232235242AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Cuniff, P., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland (1997)Bemiller, J.N., Acid hydrolysis and other lytic reactions of starch (1984) Chemistry and Technology, 1. , Whistler, R.L., BeMiller, J.N. and Paschall, E.F. Starch, Academic Press, London, New YorkBraga, M.E.M., Leal, P.F., Carvalho, J.E., Meireles, M.A.A., Comparison of the yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracts obtained using various techniques (2003) J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, p. 6604Freud, R.J., Littell, R.C., SAS system for regression (1995) SAS Series in Statistical Applications, 2nd Ed., p. 211. , SAS Institute: Cary, NCJacobs, M.B., (1981) The Chemical Analysis of Foods and Food Products, , Robert Krieger Publishing Co, New York, NYKrammer, P., Vogel, H., Hydrolysis of esters in subcritical and supercritical water (2000) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 16, p. 189Miller, G.L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar (1958) Analyt. Chem., 31, p. 426Moreschi, S.R.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Hydrolysis of ginger bagasse starch in subcritical water and carbon dioxide (2004) J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, p. 1753Nelson, N.A., A photometric adaptation for Somogyi method for determination of glucose (1944) J. Biol. Chem, 153, p. 375Pasquel, A., Meireles, M.A.A., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Extraction of stevia glycosides with CO2 + ethanol and water and ethanol (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., p. 271Rosa, P.T.V., Meireles, M.A.A., Rapid estimation of the manufacturing cost of extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (2004) J. Food Eng, , www.sciencedirect.comSiskin, M., Hydrolysis of esters in subcritical and supercritical water (2000) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 16, p. 189. , cited by Krammer,P and Vogel, HTheander, O., Nelson, D.A., Aqueous, high-temperature transformation of carbohydrate relative to utilization of biomass (1988) Adv Carbohyd Chem. Bi., 46, p. 273Zancan, K.C., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) oleoresin with CO 2 and co-solvents: A study of the antioxidant action of the extracts (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 24, p. 57Zheng, Y., Lin, H.M., Wen, J., Cao, N., Yu, X., Tsao, G.T., Supercritical carbon dioxide explosion as a pretreatment for cellulose hydrolysis (1995) Biotech. Letters, 17, p. 84

Supercritical Extraction: Technical and Economical Issues

Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T17:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 6.pdf: 217168 bytes, checksum: 5652b36f3bb5ca6aec250d3acad94b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 15Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos. Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos. Laboratório de Tecnologia Supercrítica: Extração, Fracionamento e Identificação de Extratos Vegetais. Campinas, SP, Brasil.Este trabalho discute alguns aspectos técnicos e econômicos da extração supercrítica. As principais etapas para o desenvolvimento do processo são discutidas em termos da elaboração de extratos de macela (Achyrocline alata e Achyrocline satureioides) e cravo-da-índia (Eugenia caryophyllus). Dados de processo tais como a temperatura, a pressão e o rendimento são apresentados para a obtenção de extratos de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), capim limão (Cymbopogon citratus), bacuri (Platonia insignis), recuperação de carotenóides de resíduos das fibras de dendê (Elaeis guineensis), Artemísia (Artemisia annua), erva-baleeira (Cordia verbenacea), funcho (Foeniculum vulgare), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), erva-doce (Pimpinela anisum), etc.. This work discusses some technical and economical issues related to supercritical extraction. The major steps in process development are discussed as applied to obtaining extracts from macela (Achyrocline alata and Achyrocline satureioides) and clove buds (Eugenia caryophyllus). Process data such as temperature, pressure, and yield are presented for obtaining extracts from black pepper (Piper nigrum), lemongrass (Cymbopogom citratus), bacuri (Platonia insignis), recovery of carotenoids from palm (Elaes guineensis) residue, Artemisia (Artemisia annua), ervabaleeira (Cordia verbenacea), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), anise (Pimpinella anisum), etc

Supercritical Extraction From Solid: Process Design Data (2001-2003)

Supercritical extraction from solid substrate using carbon dioxide as solvent, with or without the addition of cosolvent, has proved to be technically feasible. The relatively high investment costs associated with high pressure processes are responsible for the elimination of this technology at the very early stages of the process design, that is, during the selection of an extraction process. In order to avoid this, a preliminary analysis of the manufacturing costs must be done with a minimum of experimental information. In this review a compilation of the process parameters required for the economic analysis is presented. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.704/05/15321330Brunner, G., Kikic, I., Perrut, M., (2003) Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, , Versailles: ISASF28-30 AprilLeal, P.F., Braga, M.E.M., Sato, D.S., Carvalho, J.E., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Functional properties of spice extracts obtained via supercritical fluid extraction (2003) J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, pp. 2520-2525Rosa, P.T.V., Meireles, M.A.A., (2001) Proceedings of the IV EBFS: Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids (CD-ROM), pp. 305-310. , 9-11 October, Salvador, BA, BrazilSun, L., Rezaei, K.A., Temelli, F., Ooraikul, B., Supercritical fluid extraction of alkylamides from Echinacea angustifolia (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 3947-3953Zancan, K.C., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) oleoresin with CO2 and co-solvents: A study of the antioxidant action of the extracts (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 24, pp. 57-76Martínez, J., Monteiro, A.R., Rosa, P.T.V., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Multicomponent model to describe extraction of ginger oleoresin with supercritical carbon dioxide (2003) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, pp. 1057-1063de Lucas, A., Martínez de la Ossa, E., Rincón, J., Blanco, M.A., Gracia, I., Supercritical fluid extraction of tocopherol concentrates from olive tree leaves (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 221-228del Valle, J.M., Jiménez, M., de la Fuente, J.C., Extraction kinetics of pre-pelletized Jalapeño peppers with supercritical CO2 (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, pp. 33-44Adams, R.P., (2001) Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas Chromatography/quadruple Mass Spectroscopy, , Carol Stream: Allured Publishing CorporationSimándi, B., Deák, A., Rónyai, E., Yanxiang, G., Veress, T., Lemberkovics, E., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of fennel oil (1999) J. Agr. Food Chem., 47, pp. 1635-1640Rodrigues, V.M., Rosa, P.T.V., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical extraction of essential oil from aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) using CO2: Solubility, kinetics, and composition data J Agr Food Chem, 51, pp. 1518-1523Perrut, M., Personal communicationMohamed, R.S., Saldana, M.D.A., Mazzafera, P., Extraction of caffeine, theobromine, and cocoa butter from Brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical CO2 and ethane (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, pp. 6751-6758Ferreira, S.R.S., Meireles, M.A.A., Modeling the supercritical fluid extraction of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil (2002) J. Food Eng., 54, pp. 263-269Dauksas, E., Venskutonis, P.R., Sivik, B., Supercritical fluid extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds with pure CO2 and its mixture with caprylic acid methyl ester (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 211-219Molero Gómez, A., Martínez de la Ossa, E., Quality of borage seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) Chem. Eng. J., 88, pp. 103-109Smith Jr., R.L., Malaluan, R.M., Setianto, W.B., Inomate, H., Arai, K., Separation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid with supercritical carbon dioxide (2003) Bioresource Tech., 88, pp. 1-7Dauksas, E., Venskutonis, P.R., Sivik, B., Nilson, T., Effect of fast CO2 pressure changes on the yield of lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) extracts (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 201-210Povh, N.P., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil and oleoresin from chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert) (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 21, pp. 245-256Saldana, M.D.A., Zetzl, C., Mohamed, R.S., Brunner, G., Extraction of methylxanthines from guaraná seeds, mate leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 4820-4826Saldana, M.D.A., Mohamed, R.S., Mazzafera, P., Extraction of cocoa butter from Brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical CO2 and ethane (2002) Fluid Phase Equilibria, 194-197, pp. 885-894Simándi, B., Kristo, S.Z.T., Kéry, A., Selmeczi, L.K., Kmecz, I., Kemény, S., Supercritical fluid extraction of dandelion leaves (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 23, pp. 135-142Catchpole, O.J., Perry, N.B., da Silva, B.M.T., Grey, J.B., Smallfield, B.M., Supercritical extraction of herbs I: Saw palmetto, St. John's wort, kava root, and echinacea (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 129-138Wu, W., Hou, Y., Mathematical modeling of extraction of egg yolk oil with supercritical CO2 (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 19, pp. 149-159Saldana, M.D.A., Zetzl, C., Mohamed, R.S., Brunner, G., Decaffeination of guaraná seeds in a microextraction column using water saturated CO2 (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 119-127Chiu, K.L., Cheng, Y.C., Chen, J.H., Chang, C.J., Yang, P.W., Supercritical fluid extraction of Ginkgo ginkgolides and flavonoids (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 24, pp. 77-87Ribeiro, M.A., Bernardo-Gil, M.G., Esqúvel, M.M., Melissa officinalis L.: Study of antioxidant activity in supercritical residues (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 21, pp. 51-60Sousa, E.M.B.D., Chiavove-Filho, O., Moreno, M.T., Silva, D.N., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Experimental results for the extraction of essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham using pressurized carbon dioxide (2002) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 19, pp. 229-241Leeke, G., Gaspar, F., Santos, R., Influence of water on the extraction of essential oils from model herb using supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, pp. 2033-2039Gaspar, F., Lu, T., Santos, R., Al-Duri, B., Modelling the extraction of essential oil with compressed carbon dioxide (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, pp. 247-260Rodrigues, M.R.A., Caramao, E.B., dos Santos, J.G., Dariva, C., Oliveira, J.V., The effects of temperature and pressure on the characteristics of the extracts from high-pressure CO2 extraction of Majorana hortensis Moench (2003) J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, pp. 453-456Vági, E., Simándi, B., Daood, H.G., Deák, A., Sawinsky, J., Recovery of pigments from Origanum majorana L. by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 2297-2301Daood, H.G., Illés, V., Gnayfeed, M.H., Mészáros, B., Horváth, G., Biacs, P.A., Extraction of pungent spice paprika by supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical propane (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 23, pp. 143-152Kiriamiti, H.K., Camy, S., Gourdon, C., Condoret, J.S., Pyrethrin extraction from pyrethrum flowers using carbon dioxide (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 26, pp. 193-200Kiriamiti, H., Camy, S., Gourdon, C., Condoret, J.S., Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of pyrethrum oleoresin and pale (2003) J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, pp. 880-884Szentmihályi, K., Vinkler, P., Lakatos, B., Illés, V., Then, M., Rose hip (Rosa canina L.) oil obtained from waste hip seeds by different extraction methods (2002) Bioresource Tech., 82, pp. 195-201Canela, A.P.R.F., Rosa, P.T.V., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical fluid extraction of fatty acids and carotenoids from the microalgae Spirulina maxima (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, pp. 3012-3018Yoda, S.K., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical fluid extraction from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni using CO2 and CO2 + water: Extraction kinetics and identification of extracted components (2003) J. Food Eng., 57, pp. 125-134Kiriamiti, H.K., Rascol, E., Marty, A., Condoret, J.S., Extraction rates of oil from high oleic sunflower seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) Chem. Eng. Proc., 41, pp. 711-718Reverchon, E., Marrone, C., Modeling and simulation of the supercritical CO2 extraction of vegetable oils (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 19, pp. 161-175Cocero, M.J., García, J., Mathematical model of supercritical extraction applied to oil seed extraction by CO2 + saturated alcohol--I. Desorption model (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 229-243Cocero, M.J., García, J., Mathematical model of supercritical extraction applied to oil seed extraction by CO2 + saturated alcohol--II. Shortcut methods (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 245-255Alonso, E., Cantero, F.J., García, J., Cocero, M.J., Scale-up for a process of supercritical extraction with adsorption of solute onto active carbon: Application to soil remediation (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 24, pp. 123-135Rodrigues, V.M., Sousa, E.M.B.D., Monteiro, A.R., Chiavone-Filho, O., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Determination of the solubility of extracts from vegetable material in pressurized CO2: A pseudo-ternary system mixture formed by cellulosic structure + solute + solvent (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 21-36Ge, Y., Yan, H., Hui, B., Ni, Y., Wang, S., Cai, T., Extraction of natural vitamin e from wheat germ by supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 685-689King, J.W., Mohamed, A., Taylor, S.L., Mebrahtu, T., Paul, C., Supercritical fluid extraction of Vernonia galamensis seeds (2001) Ind. Crops Prod., 14, pp. 241-249Caredda, A., Marongiu, B., Porcedda, S., Soro, C., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and characterization of Laurus nobilis essential oil (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 1492-1496Cui, Y., Ang, C.Y.W., Supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phloroglucinols in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 2755-2759Ashraf-Khorassani, M., Ude, M., Doana-Weideman, T., Tomczak, J., Taylor, L.T., Comparison of gravimetry and hydrolysis derivatization/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of fat from standard reference infant formula powder using supercritical fluid extraction (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 1822-1826Aro, T., Brede, C., Manninen, P., Kallio, H., Determination of semi-volatile compounds in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) by supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 1970-1975Antunes, P., Gil, O., Bernardo-Gil, M.G., Supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorines from fish muscle with different sample preparation (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, pp. 135-142Christov, M., Dohrn, R., Review--High-pressure fluid phase equilibria experimental methods and systems investigated (1994-1999) (2002) Fluid Phase Equilibria, 202, pp. 153-218Markom, M., Singh, H., Hasan, M., Supercritical CO2 fractionation of crude palm oil (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 45-53Sovová, H., Zaravúcka, M., Vacek, M., Stránsky, K., Solubility of two vegetable oils in supercritical CO2 (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 15-28Raeissi, S., Peters, C.J., Bubble-point pressures of the binary system carbon dioxide + linalool (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 221-228Sovová, H., Stateva, R.P., Galushko, A.A., Essential oils from seeds: Solubility of limonene in supercritical CO2 and how it is affected by fatty oil (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 113-129Murga, R., Sanz, M.T., Beltrán, S., Cabezas, J.L., Solubility of some phenolic compounds contained in grape seeds, in supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 23, pp. 113-121Drescher, M., Seidel, O., Geana, D., High pressure vapor-liquid equilibria in the ternary system orange peel oil (limonene) + ethanol + carbon dioxide (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, pp. 103-111Francisco, J.C., Sivik, B., Solubility of three monoterpenes, their mixtures and eucalyptus leaf oils in dense carbon dioxide (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 23, pp. 11-19Fonseca, J., Simões, P.C., Nunes da Ponte, M., An apparatus for high-pressure VLE measurements using a static mixer. Results for (CO2 + limonene + citral) and (CO2 + limonene + linalool) (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, pp. 7-17Berna, A., Cháfer, A., Montón, J.B., High-pressure solubility data of the system resveratrol (3) + ethanol (2) + CO2 (1) (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 19, pp. 133-139Berna, A., Cháfer, A., Montón, J.B., Subirats, S., High-pressure solubility data of system ethanol (1) + catechin (2) + CO2 (3) (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 157-162Cháfer, A., Berna, A., Montón, J.B., Munuz, R., High-pressure solubility data of system ethanol (1) + epicathechin (2) + CO2 (3) (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 24, pp. 103-109Jaubert, J.-N., Borg, P., Coniglio, L., Barth, D., Phase equilibria measurements and modeling of EPA and DHA ethyl esters in supercritical carbon dioxide (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 145-155Duarte, C.M.M., Crew, M., Casimiro, T., Aguiar-Ricardo, A., Nunes da Ponte, M., Phase equilibrium for capsaicin + water + ethanol + carbon dioxide (2002) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 22, pp. 87-92Knez, Z., Skerget, M., Phase equilibria of the vitamins D2, D3 and K3 in binary systems with CO2 and propane (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 20, pp. 131-144Sovová, H., Stateva, R.P., Galushko, A.A., Solubility of β-carotene in supercritical CO2 and the effect of entrainers (2001) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 21, pp. 195-203Budich, M., Brunner, G., Supercritical fluid extraction of ethanol from aqueous solutions (2003) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, pp. 45-55Lang, Q., Wai, C.M., Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural products studies--a practical review (2001) Talanta, 53, pp. 771-782Guba, R., The modern alchemy of carbon dioxide (2002) Int. J. Aromatherapy, 12, pp. 120-126Rozzi, N.L., Singh, R.K., Supercritical fluids and the food industry (2002) Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety, 1, pp. 33-44Chen, Y.-T., Ling, Y.-C., An overview of supercritical fluid extraction in Chinese herbal medicine: From preparation to analysis (2000) J. Food Drug Anal., 8, pp. 235-247Yepez, B., Espinosa, M., López, S., Bolanos, G., Producing antioxidant fractions from herbaceous matrices by supercritical fluid extraction (2002) Fluid Phase Equilibria, 194-197, pp. 879-884Yang, C., Xu, Y.-R., Yao, W.-X., Extraction of pharmaceutical components from Ginko biloba leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 846-849Rozzi, N.L., Phippen, W., Simon, J.E., Singh, R.K., Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil components from lemon-scented botanicals (2002) Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 35, pp. 319-324Tonthubthimthong, P., Chuaprasert, S., Douglas, P., Luewisutthichat, W., Supercritical CO2 extraction of nimbin from neem seeds--an experimental study (2002) J. Food Eng., 47, pp. 289-291Lim, G.-B., Lee, S.-Y., Lee, E.-K., Haam, S.-J., Kim, W.S., Separation of astaxanthin from red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (2002) Biochem. Eng. J., 11, pp. 181-187Kubátová, A., Jansen, B., Vaudoisot, J.F., Hawthorne, S.B., Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the extraction of essential oil from savory and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils with hot (subcritical) water and supercritical CO2 (2002) J. Chromatgr. A, 975, pp. 175-188Rostagno, M.A., Araújo, J.M.A., Sândi, D., Supercritical fluid extraction of isoflavones from soybean flour (2002) Food Chem., 78, pp. 111-117Ko, T.-F., Weng, Y.-M., Chiou, R.Y.-Y., Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 5343-5348Gómez-Prieto, M.S., Caja, M.M., Herraiz, M., Santa-Maria, G., Supercritical fluid extraction of all-trans-lycopene from tomato (2003) J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, pp. 3-7Rozzi, N.L., Singh, R.K., Vierling, R.A., Watkins, B.A., Supercritical extraction of lycopene from tomato processing byproducts (2002) J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, pp. 2638-264

Modeling The Supercritical Fluid Extraction Of Black Pepper (piper Nigrum L.) Essential Oil

The fixed bed extraction of black pepper essential oil using supercritical carbon dioxide was modeled by the extended Lack's plug flow model developed by Sovová (Sovová's model). The experimental data were obtained for extractions conducted at 30, 40 and 50 °C, and 150, 200, and 300 bar, for two different types of ground black pepper (batches 1 and 2). The model parameters were evaluated from the experimental data. The fluid-phase mass transfer coefficient was obtained from the constant extraction rate (CER) period using a logarithmical solute mass ratio difference. The Sovová's model was able to describe the experimental data quite well. The best value for the extraction parameter, which relates the resistances of solid-phase mass transfer to fluid-phase mass transfer, was 0.12 and 0.25 for batches 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental data were well represented by the model for the mass ratio of solute present in ruptured cell to the initial mass ratio of solute equal to 65% and 38% for batches 1 and 2, respectively. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.544263269Berna, A., Tárrega, A., Blasco, M., Subirats, S., Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from orange peelEffect of the height of the bed (2000) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 18, pp. 227-237Brunner, G., (1994) Gas extraction: An introduction to fundamentals of supercritical fluids and the applications to separation processes, Vol. 4 (1st ed.), 4. , Darmstadt, Germany: SteinkopffBuckle, K.A., Rathnawathie, M., Brophy, J.J., Compositional differences of black, green and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) oil from three cultivars (1985) Journal of Food Technology, 20, pp. 599-613Bulley, N.R., Fattory, M., Meisen, A., Moyls, S., Supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable oil seeds (1984) Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 61 (8), pp. 1362-1365Dean, J.R., Kane, M., Instrumentation for supercritical fluid extraction (1993) Applications of supercritical fluids in industrial analysis, pp. 47-73. , J. R. Dean (Ed.), Glasgow: BlackieFerreira, S.R.S., (1996) Cinética de Transferência de Massa na Extração Supercrítica deÓleo Essencial de Pimenta-do-reino, p. 218. , Ph.D. Thesis, Unicamp, CampinasFerreira, S.R.S., Meireles, M.A.A., Cabral, F.A., Extraction of essential oil of black pepper with liquid carbon dioxide (1993) Journal of Food Engineering, 20, pp. 121-133Ferreira, S.R.S., Meireles, M.A.A., Nikolov, Z., Mass transfer coefficient correlations for SFE of blackpepper essential oil (1997) Proceedings of the VI international symposium on supercritical fluids - ISSF, B, pp. 731-734. , JapanFerreira, S.R.S., Nikolov, Z.L., Doraiswamy, L.K., Meireles, M.A.A., Petenate, A.J., Supercritical fluid extraction of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil (1999) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 14 (3), pp. 235-245Lee, A.K.K., Bulley, N.R., Fattory, M., Meisen, A., Modeling of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of canola oil seeds in fixed beds (1986) Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 63 (7), pp. 921-925Lim, G.B., Holder, G.D., Shah, Y.T., Solid-fluid mass transfer in a packed bed under supercritical conditions (1989) Supercritical fluid science and technology, pp. 379-395. , K. P. Johnston, & J. M. L. 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Production Of Valuable Compounds By Supercritical Technology Using Residues From Sugarcane Processing

[No abstract available]133151Albuquerque, C.L.C., Meireles, M.A.M., Estimate of the cost of manufacturing (COM) of natural colorants obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (2010), II Iberoamerican Conference on Supercritical Fluids, Natal, Brazil, SC 113Allen, S.G., Kam, L.C., Zemann, A.J., Antal Jr, M.J., Fractionation of sugar cane with hot, compressed, liquid water (1996) Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 35, pp. 2709-2715Alonso, E., Cantero, F.J., García, J., Cocero, M.J., Scale-up process of supercritical extraction with adsorption of solute onto active carbon (2002) Application to soil remediation. 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extraction of the ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe): oligossacharides production, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PhD Thesis, Available from, (in Portuguese)Moreschi, S.R.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Hydrolysis of ginger bagasse starch in subcritical water and carbon dioxide (2004) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, pp. 1753-1758Nakata, T., Miyafuji, H., Saka, S., Bioethanol from cellulose with supercritical water treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (2006) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, pp. 476-485. , 129-132Navarro-Díaz, H.J., Carvalho, G.H., Leal, P.F., Obtaining of extracts from Origanum vulgare and Cordia verbenacea via supercritical technology and steam distillation: process and economical study (2009), pp. P18. , 9th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Arcachon, FranceNoa, M., Mas, R., Protective effect of policosanol on atherosclerotic plaque on aortas in monkeys (2005) Archives of Medical Research, 36, pp. 441-447Ohta, Y., Ohashi, K., Matsura, T., Octacosanol attenuates disrupted hepatic reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with acute liver injury progression in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (2008) Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 42, pp. 118-125Oomori, T., Khajavi, S.H., Kimura, Y., Hydrolysis of disaccharides containing glucose residue in subcritical water (2004) Biochemical Engineering Journal, 18, pp. 143-147Pereira, C.G., Meireles, M.A.A., Economic analysis of rosemary, fennel and anise essential oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (2007) Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22, pp. 407-413Pereira, C.G., Meireles, M.A.A., Evaluation of global yield, composition, antioxidant activity and cost of manufacturing of extracts from lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla [L'Hérit.] Britton) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves (2007) Journal of Food Process Engineering, 30, pp. 150-173Pereira, C.G., Rosa, P.V.T., Meireles, M.A.A., Extraction and isolation of indole 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Trends In Annatto Agroindustry: Bixin Processing Technologies And Market

This paper presents an overview of the annatto agro industry by reviewing publications related to colorant technology production, the market, and the worldwide intellectual property protection. The aim was to identify solutions, technological advances and trends by observing the research and development activities and publication of patents in this area. In the last decade, the demand of annatto use in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries increased. Advances in technology are observed throughout the production chain, such as improvements in raw material production, seed characteristics, colorant manufacturing processes and colorant formulations with the extract; socioeconomic benefits for the production regions are also observed. © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers.5294102Non-Wood Forest Products 4. Natural colorants and dyestuffs, , www.fao.org/docrep/V8879E/V8879E00.htm, FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Available at, (Accessed on: January 25, 2011)Furtado, M., Colorants: Food industry adheres to the natural colorants, , http://www.quimicaederivados.com.br/index.php?sessao=reportagem&id=534&codigo_revis=421, Available at, (Accessed on: May 24, 2007)Oliveira, J.S., (2005) Characterization, extraction and purification by chromatography of annatto compounds (Bixa orellana L.), , PhD Thesis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, FebruaryScotter, M.J., Thorpe, S.A., Reynolds, S.L., Wilson, L.A., Strutt, P.R., Characterization of the principal colouring components of annatto using high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (1994) Food Addit Contam, 11, pp. 301-315Scotter, M.J., Wilson, L.A., Appleton, G.P., Castle, L., Analysis of annatto (Bixa orellana) food coloring formulations. 1. Determination of coloring components and colored thermal degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (1998) J Agric Food Chem, 46, pp. 1031-1038Bareth, A., Strohmar, W., Kitzelmann, E., HPLC and spectrophotometric determination of annatto in cheese (2002) Eur Food Res Technol, 215, pp. 359-364Montenegro, M.A., Rios, A.O., Mercadante, A.Z., Nazareno, M.A., Borsarelli, C.D., Model studies on the photosensitized isomerization of bixin (2004) J Agric Food Chem, 52, pp. 367-373Rehbein, J., Dietrich, B., Grynbaum, M.D., Hentschel, P., Holtin, K., Kuehnle, M., Schuler, P., Albert, K., Characterization of bixin by LC-MS and LC-NMR (2007) J Separ Sci, 30, pp. 2382-2390Scotter, M., The chemistry and analysis of annatto food colouring: A review (2009) Food Addit Contam, 26, pp. 1111-1123Ramamoorthya, S., Dossa, F.P., Kundua, K., Satyanarayana, V.S.V., Kumarb, V., Molecular characterization of bixin-An important industrial product (2010) Ind Crop Prod, 32, pp. 48-53Annatto Extracts: Chemical and Technical Assessment, , ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa/cta_annatto.pdf, FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Available at, (Accessed on: May 24, 2007)Franco, C.F.O., Fabri, E.G., Barreiro Neto, M., Manfiolli, M.H., Harder, M.N.C., Rucker, N.C.A., (2008) Annatto: Production systems for Brazil, , 1 st ed. EMEPA: João PessoaMercadante, A.Z., Steck, A., Rodrigues-Amaya, D., Pfander, H., Britton, G., Isolation of methyl 9'Z-apo-6'-lycopenoate from Bixa orellana (1996) Phytochem, 41, pp. 1201-1203Mercadante, A.Z., Steck, A., Pfander, H., Isolation and identification of new apocarotenoids from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds (1997) J Agric Food Chem, 45, pp. 1050-1054Mercadante, A.Z., Steck, A., Pfander, H., Isolation and structure elucidation of minor carotenoides from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds (1997) Phitochem, 46, pp. 1379-1383Mercadante, A.Z., Steck, A., Pfander, H., Three minor carotenoids from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds (1999) Phytochem, 52, pp. 135-139Bouvier, F., Dogbo, O., Camara, B., Biosynthesis of the food and cosmetic plant pigment bixin (annatto) (2003) Science, 300, pp. 2089-2090Giuliano, G., Rosati, C., Bramley, P.M., To dye or not to dye: Biochemistry of annatto unveiled (2003) Trends Biotechnol, 21, pp. 513-515Iqbal, M., International trade in non-wood forest products: An overview, , http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5326e/x5326e00.htm, FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at, (Accessed on: November 25, 2010)Satyanarayana, A., Prabhakara Rao, P.G., Rao, D.G., Chemistry, processing and toxicology of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) 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Supercritical Technology In Brazil: System Investigated (1994-2003)

In this work, a review of the Brazilian scientific production in the past 10 years in the field of supercritical fluid is presented. The historical facts associated with the previous edition of the Brazilian Meeting on Supercritical Fluids are discussed. Because of the importance of the other South America countries contribution to the filed, a summary of the research published in the past 5 years by all South America countries is also presented. In the past 5 years (1999-2003) 82 papers from South American countries were published in journals indexed in the Web of Science data base. Of these, 26 papers were related to the use of supercritical fluids as an analytical tool. Supercritical extraction from a variety of vegetable raw material contributed with 38 papers and the petroleum industry added 2 papers to the field. Reactions contributed with 3 publications while thermodynamics and fundamental studies were responsible for 13 publications. The Brazilian contribution represented 53-84% of the publications in the above areas. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.342 SPEC. ISS.109117Sutter, L.E.D.N., Silva, M.F.F., Cassel, E., Extração supercrítica, uma nova tecnologia industrial (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 3Stuart, G.R., Oliveira, J.V., D'Avila, S.G., Extração de óleo essencial de alfavaca utilizando dióxido de carbono e altas pressões (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 11Franco, T.T., Marty, A., Condoret, J.S., Protein solubilization in reverse micelles using supercritical CO 2 (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 17Corrêa, N.C.F., Meireles, M.A.A., França, L.F., Araújo, M.E., Extração de óleo de semente de maracujá (Passiflora edulis) com CO2 supercrítico (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 29Cassel, E., Oliveira, J.V., Planejamento experimental aplicado à discriminação de modelos: Extração supercrítica na indústria alimentícia (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 38Lanças, F.M., Vilegas, J.H.Y., Queiroz, M.E.C., Marchi, E., Projeto, construção e aplicação de sistemas SFE "home-made". I. Aplicações de um sistema analítico no estudo de produtos naturais de origem vegetal (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 45Lanças, F.M., Vilegas, J.H.Y., Sargenti, S.R., Moraes, M.L.L., Nossack, A.C., Projeto, Construção e aplicação de sistemas SFE "home-made". II. Aplicações de um sistema semi-preparativo no estudo de produtos de origem vegetal (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 56Lanças, F.M., Pereira, D.M., Andrade, R.M.B., Projeto, construção e aplicação de sistemas SFE "home-made". III. Aplicações de um sistema estático no estudo de derivados de cana-de-açúcar e combustíveis alternativos (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 66Lanças, F.M., Galhiane, M.S., Barbirato, M.A., Rissato, S.R., Ferreira, L.H., Peres, R.G., Projeto, construção e aplicação de sistemas SFE "home-made". IV. Aplicação de um sistema dinâmico no controle de qualidade de alimentos de origem vegetal (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 75Ferrua, F.Q., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Óleo essencial de capim-limão obtido por extração com dióxido de carbono líquido (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 83Ferrua, F.Q., Meireles, M.A.A., Cinética de extração de óleo essencial de capim-limão com dióxido de carbono líquido (1994) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 14, p. 93Lanças, F.M., Vilegas, J.H.Y., Vasconcelos, E.C., Caleghini, R.M.S., Novas aplicações de sistemas SFE "home made": I. Plantas medicinais brasileiras (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 413Lanças, F.M., Vilegas, J.H.Y., Nossack, A.C., Vasconcelos, E.C., Caleghini, R.M.S., Cappelaro, E.A., Von Baer, D., Hasegawa, M., Novas aplicações de sistemas SFE "home made": II. Plantas da América do Sul (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 418Lanças, F.M., Assis, L.M., Souza, A.J., Kampen, M.H.V., Basseto Filho, A., Novas aplicações de sistemas SFE "home made": III. Energia química e elétrica Ciênc (1997) Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 423Lanças, F.M., Dórea, H.S., Müller, R.A., Fagundes, C.B., Novas aplicações de sistemas SFE "home made": IV. Qualidade dos alimentos (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 432Lanças, F.M., Barbirato, M.A., Galhiane, M.S., Rissato, R.S., Novas aplicações de sistemas SFE "home made": VI. Controle de agrotóxicos em produtos alimentícios (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 437Mendes, M., Oliveira, J.V., Uller, A., Fracionamento de óleos de citros utilizando fluidos supercríticos (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 441Coelho, L.A.F., Oliveira, J.V., Pinto, J.C., Modelagem e simulação do processo de extração supercrítica do óleo essencial de alecrim (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 446Cardozo-Filho, L., Ferrua, F.Q., Meireles, M.A.A., Estudo do processo da extração supercrítica de óleos essenciais de produtos naturais (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 449Silva, G.F., Cabral, F.A., Estimativa das propriedades de carotenóides por métodos de contribuição de grupos (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 456Dariva, C., Coelho, L.A.F., Oliveira, J.V., Predicting diffusivities in dense fluids (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 461Jaffe, R., Diaz, D., Hajje, N., Chen, L., Eckardt, C., Furton, K.G., Hydrocarbon speciation in ancient sediments studied by stepwise high-temperature supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (1997) Org. Geochem., 26, p. 59Vieira De Melo, S.A.B., Uller, A.M.C., Pessoa, F.L.P., Análise termodinâmica da desterpenação do óleo da casca de laranja com CO2 supercrítico a partir de uma mistura sintética (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 467Vieira De Melo, S.A.B., Uller, A.M.C., Pessoa, F.L.P., Modelagem e simulação da desterpenação do óleo da casca de laranja com CO2 supercrítico em modo semi-contínuo (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 475Cardozo-Filho, L., Stragevitch, L., Wolff, F., Meireles, M.A.A., The generalized maximum likelihood method applied to high pressure phase equilibrium (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 481Cardozo-Filho, L., Wolff, F., Meireles, M.A.A., High pressure phase equilibrium: Prediction of essential oil solubility (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 485Oliveira, A.L., Cabral, F.A., Uso da equação de estado de Peng-Robinson com regra de mistura dependente da composição na predição do equilíbrio de fases do sistema ternário CO2-limoneno- citral (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 489Neves, G.B.M., Mohamed, R.S., Modelagem termodinâmica do fracionamento do óleo de manteiga com fluidos supercríticos (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 494Stuart, G., MacHado, R., Oliveira, J.V., Uller, A.C., Lima, E.L., Hybrid artificial neural network applied to modeling SCFE of basil and rosemary oils (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 501Souza, A.M., Oliveira, J.V., Tavares, F.W., Estudo da seletividade capacidade em sistemas sólido-gás (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 506Dariva, C., Oliveira, J.V., Pinto, J.C., Vale, M.G., Caramão, E.B., Statistical analysis of the SCFE of a Brazilian mineral coal (1997) Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., 17, p. 512Saldaña, M.D.A., Mohamed, R.S., Mazzafera, P., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of methylxanthines from mate tea leaves (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 251Lanças, F.M., Barbirato, M.A., Galhiane, M.S., Rissato, S.R., Extraction of fluazinan residues from fruits by CO2 in the supercritical state (1997) HRC - J. High Res. Chromatogr., 20, p. 569Gerszt, R., Pessoa, F.L.P., Mendes, M.F., Phase behavior of sterols and vitamins in supercritical CO2 (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 261Pasquel, A., Meireles, M.A.A., Marques, M.O.M., Petenate, A.J., Extraction of stevia glycosides with CO2 + water, CO 2 + ethanol, and CO2 + water + ethanol (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 271Silva, E.A., Cardozo-Filho, L., Wolff, F., Meireles, M.A.A., Modeling the supercritical desorption of orange essential oil from a silica-gel bed (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 283Araujo, M.E., MacHado, N.T., França, L.F., Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical extraction of pupunha (Guilielma speciosa) oil in a fixed bed using carbon dioxide (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 297Mizutani, F.T., Costa, A.L.H., Pessoa, F.L.P., Stochastic simulation of supercritical fluid extraction processes (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 307Chassagnez-Mendez, A.L., Correa, N.C.F., França, L.F., MacHado, N.T., Araújo, M.E., A mass transfer model applied to the supercritical extraction with CO2 of curcumins from turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L) (2000) Braz. J. Chem. 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Chromatogr., 20, p. 369Waintraub, S., Fonseca, C.N., Soares, G.M.G., Campagnolo, E.A., Conversion of a deasphalting unit for use in the process of supercritical solvent recovery (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 355Martins, E.P., Aranda, D.A.G., Pessoa, F.L.P., Zotin, J.L., Hydrogenation of diesel aromatic compounds in supercritical solvent environment (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 361De Melo, S.A.B.V., Costa, G.M.N., Garau, R., Casula, A., Pittau, B., Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris (2000) Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 17, p. 367Augusto, F., Lopes, A.L.E., Zini, C.A., Sampling and sample preparation for analysis of aromas and fragrances (2003) Trac-Trend Anal. Chem., 22, p. 160Arancibia, V., Valderrama, M., Silva, K., Tapia, T., Determination of chromium in urine samples by complexation-supercritical fluid extraction and liquid or gas chromatography (2003) J. Chromatogr. 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Rapid Estimation Of The Manufacturing Cost Of Extracts Obtained By Supercritical Fluid Extraction

In spite of the scientific knowledge and the large availability of raw materials having sufficient quality and cost, there is no industrial supercritical fluid extraction unit in any of the South American countries. Supercritical fluid extraction is associated with high investment costs; nowadays, an easy method for technical-economical evaluation of supercritical fluid process is not available. Thus, a simple method to estimate the cost of manufacturing of extracts by supercritical fluid technology is presented. The manufacturing costs of clove bud oil and ginger oleoresin were estimated using the procedure proposed. The production of clove bud oil was economically feasible at the quoted extraction condition; its manufacturing cost approximately a fourth of the market price. The manufacturing cost of ginger oleoresin was close to its selling price at the extraction condition considered. This is mainly due to the strong influence of the investment on the cost of manufacturing ginger extracts by supercritical extraction due to the requirement of long extraction times. Nonetheless, some other characteristics of the ginger oleoresin such as the quantity and the availability of gingerols and shogaols should be considered. Additionally, further process parameter studies directed to the increase of the extraction rates should be considered before disregarding the supercritical fluid extraction as a viable process. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.671-2235240Bravi, M., Bubbico, R., Manna, F., Verdone, N., (2002) Chemical Engineering Science, 57, pp. 2753-2764Brunner, G., (1994) Gas Extraction: An Introduction to Fundamentals of Supercritical Fluids and the Application to Separation Processes, , New York: SpringerChordia, L., Robey, R., Industrial applications of supercritical fluids (2000) Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Atlanta, USACrause, J.C., Nieuwoudt, I., Paraffin wax fractionation: State of the art vs. supercritical fluid fractionation (2003) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 27, pp. 39-54(2003), www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/agric/default.asp, Accessed in September 29, 2003(2003), www.libertynatural.com/bulk/bulking.htm, Accessed in October 26, 2003Martinez, J., Monteiro, A.R., Rosa, P.T.V., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Multicomponent model to describe extraction of ginger oleoresin with supercritical carbon dioxide (2003) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 42 (5), pp. 1057-1063Meireles, M.A.A., Supercritical extraction from solid: Process design data (2001-2003) (2003) Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 7, pp. 321-330Mendes, M.F., Pessoa, F.L.P., Uller, A.M.C., An economic evaluation based on an experimental study of the vitamin E concentration present in deodorizer distillate of soybean oil using supercritical CO2 (2002) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 23, pp. 257-265Moreschi, S.R.M., Petenate, A.J., Meireles, M.A.A., Hydrolysis of ginger bagasse starch in subcritical water and carbon dioxide (2004) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, pp. 1753-1758Nobrega, L.P., Monteiro, A.R., Meireles, M.A.A., Marques, M.O.M., Comparison of ginger (Zingiber officiale Roscoe) oleoresin obtained with ethanol and isopropanol with that obtained with pressurized CO2 (1997) Ciências E Tecnologia De Alimentos, 17 (4), pp. 408-412Nodari, R.O., Guerra, M.P., Biodiversidade: Aspectos biológicos, geográficos, legais e éticos (1999) Farmacognosia: Da Planta Ao Medicamento, p. 833. , Simões et al. (Eds.) Universidade - UFRGS: Porto Alegre, BrazilPerrut, M., Supercritical fluid applications: Industrial developments and economic issues (2000) Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39 (12), pp. 4531-4535Rodrigues, V.M., Sousa, E.M.B.D., Monteiro, A.R., Chiavone-Filho, O., Marques, M.O.M., Meireles, M.A.A., Determination of the solubility of extracts from vegetable raw material in pressurized CO2: A pseudo-ternary mixture formed by cellulosic structure plus solute plus solvent (2002) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 22 (1), pp. 21-36Sovová, H., Rate of the vegetable oil extraction with supercritical CO2. 1. Modeling of extraction curves (1994) Chemical Engineering Science, 49 (3), pp. 409-414Teja, A.S., Eckert, C.A., Commentary on supercritical fluids: Research and applications (2000) Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 39, pp. 4442-4444Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B., Shaeiwitz, J.A., (1998) Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Process, , PTR, Upper Saddle River: Prentice HallUlrich, G.D., (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics, , New York: John Wiley & Son